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Contents Articles Android (operating system)
1
Andrography
14
Android Dev Phone
16
Android Developer Challenge
18
Android Market
21
Android software development
27
Android version history
33
Android x86
40
APK (file format)
41
Bionic
43
Comparison of Android devices
44
CyanogenMod
73
Dalvik (software)
78
Dalvik Turbo virtual machine
82
Droid (font)
83
GeoReader
85
Google Goggles
87
Groundhog (newsreader)
89
HTC Sense
90
Index of Android OS-related articles
94
OPhone
99
Rooting (Android OS)
101
Scripting Layer for Android
103
Trapster (speed trap sharing system)
104
Acer Aspire One
106
Acer beTouch E110
115
Acer beTouch E120
116
Adam tablet
117
Advent Vega
122
Alcatel One Touch 980
125
Alex eReader
127
Archos 101
129
Archos Generation 6
129
ASUS Eee Pad Transformer
132
Acer beTouch E130
135
Acer Liquid A1
137
Acer Stream
140
Acer beTouch E400
142
Barnes & Noble Nook
144
Nook Color
150
Nook Simple Touch
154
Creative Zii
157
Casio G'zOne Commando
159
Dell Streak
161
Dell Venue
164
Droid Pro
166
GeeksPhone One
168
Google TV
171
HTC Aria
175
HTC Desire
177
HTC Desire HD
182
HTC Desire S
185
HTC Desire Z
187
HTC Dream
190
HTC Droid Incredible
196
HTC Evo 4G
200
HTC Evo Shift 4G
207
HTC Flyer
212
HTC Hero
215
HTC Inspire
220
HTC Legend
222
HTC Magic
225
HTC Sensation
231
HTC ThunderBolt
234
HTC Tattoo
237
HTC Wildfire
240
HTC Wildfire S
243
Huawei Ascend
245
Huawei U8230
246
Huawei U8800
247
iPed
248
Kogan Agora
250
Kyocera Echo
252
Kyocera Zio
254
LG GT540
256
LG GW620
259
LG LU2300
261
LG Optimus 2X
262
LG Optimus Black
266
LG Optimus One
268
LG Optimus Chat
275
LG VS740
277
Meizu M9
279
Motorola Backflip
280
Motorola Calgary
282
Motorola Charm
283
Motorola CLIQ
284
Motorola DEFY
289
Motorola Devour
292
Motorola Droid
294
Motorola Flipout
301
Motorola Xoom
302
Motorola Atrix 4G
306
Motorola Droid 2
309
Motorola Droid 3
312
Motorola Droid Bionic
314
Motorola Droid X
317
Motorola Triumph
323
Motorola i1
325
Neo FreeRunner
327
Nexus One
329
Nexus S
342
Odroid
346
OlivePad
347
PocketBook eReader
349
Samsung Galaxy Fit
355
Samsung Galaxy Gio
356
Samsung Galaxy S
358
Samsung Galaxy S II
366
Samsung Galaxy Tab
374
Samsung Galaxy Tab 10.1
381
Samsung i5700
385
Samsung i5800
388
Samsung i7500
390
Samsung Infuse 4G
393
SmartQ 5
395
Sony Ericsson Xperia Play
397
Sony S1
403
Sony S2
404
Samsung Behold II
405
Samsung Droid Charge
408
Samsung Galaxy Ace
410
Samsung Galaxy Mini
412
Samsung M910 Intercept
415
Samsung SPH-M900
417
Samsung Transform
420
Samsung i5500
422
Sony Ericsson Xperia Arc
424
Sony Ericsson Xperia Pro
426
Sony Ericsson Xperia X10
428
Sony Ericsson Xperia X10 Mini
433
Sony Ericsson Xperia X8
435
T-Mobile G-Slate
437
myTouch
438
T-Mobile myTouch 3G Slide
439
T-Mobile myTouch 4G
442
T-Mobile Pulse
445
ViewSonic G Tablet
448
Vibo A688
451
Vox 4
453
Xperia acro
454
Zii EGG
456
ZTE Blade
458
ZTE Racer
462
ABBYY Business Card Reader
464
Adaptxt
465
Aldiko
467
Amazon MP3
469
Android Debug Bridge
472
Babelgum
473
Backbreaker (video game)
476
Brightkite
481
Brosix
483
Bubble Ball
485
Bump (application)
487
Cardmobili
489
Comparison of Android e-book reader software
489
CSipSimple
492
Dazzboard 2.0
493
DEX for Android
494
Documents To Go
495
Doodle Kids
496
DroidIn
497
eBuddy
499
face2face
504
506
Fastboot
525
FBReader
526
FlashTime
528
Flixster
529
foursquare (website)
532
Google Fast Flip
539
Google Maps
541
Google Talk
557
Gowalla
563
imeem
565
Last.fm
573
List of open source Android applications
588
List of PlayStation Suite games
606
LiveProfile
607
Loopt
609
Meebo
613
Metismo
617
Mig33
619
MiKandi
621
Moozone
623
Mustard (software)
624
Navifon
625
NihongoUp
627
Oruxmaps
629
Palringo
631
PaltalkScene
633
Pandora Radio
635
PicDial
640
Ping.fm
643
PlayStation Official App
645
PlayStation Suite
647
PlinkArt
648
Polaris Browser
649
Polaris Document Master
651
Qik
652
Sense Networks
656
Shazam (service)
658
Sipdroid
660
Skifta
661
Skype
663
Slacker (music service)
681
SoftMaker Presentations
686
Spotify
687
Steel (web browser)
696
Stitcher Radio
698
SwiftKey
700
Talenthouse
702
Techno Kitten Adventure
704
TekTrak
707
The Hotlist
709
TigerText
711
Tru (mobile network)
712
TuneIn
717
Tunewiki
718
utalk
719
UZard Web
722
Voxofon
724
Vringo
727
Wapedia
729
Wattpad
731
WeatherBug
733
736
Whrrl
738
WikiPock
740
ZumoDrive
741
Apache Ant
744
Appcelerator Titanium
749
Corona (software development kit)
751
DragonRAD
753
Eclipse (software)
755
Illumination Software Creator
760
ItsNat
762
JavaFX Mobile
765
Moblyng
767
Perst
769
PhoneGap
773
Robotium
774
WebORB Integration Server
774
Angry Birds
776
Clockwiser
788
Cut the Rope
789
Dink Smallwood
792
Drugwars
796
Ex Zeus
799
FinBlade
801
Fruit Ninja
804
Gangstar: Miami Vindication
808
Ghostwire: Link to the Paranormal
811
Majesty: The Fantasy Kingdom Sim
812
Pig Rush
816
Pocket God
817
Puyo Puyo Fever Touch
827
SameGame
828
Simon (game)
834
Spectral Souls: Resurrection of the Ethereal Empires
838
Spectrek
839
Tap Tap
840
X-Plane (simulator)
852
Zenonia
855
References Article Sources and Contributors
859
Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
876
Article Licenses License
883
Android (operating system)
1
Android (operating system) Android
Home screen displayed by Samsung Nexus S with Google running Android 2.3 "Gingerbread" Company / developer
Google Inc., Open Handset Alliance
Programmed in
XML, C (core),
Working state
Current
Source model
[2] Free and open source software (3.0 is currently still closed source)
Initial release
21 October 2008
Latest stable release
Tablets: [3] 3.1 (Honeycomb) Phones: [3] 2.3.4 (Gingerbread) / 24 February 2011
Supported platforms
ARM, MIPS,
Kernel type
Linux kernel
Default user interface
Graphical
License
[6] Apache 2.0, Linux kernel patches are under GPL v2
Official website
[www.android.com www.android.com]
[1]
[4]
Java (UI), C++
[5]
x86
Android is a software stack for mobile devices that includes an operating system, middleware and key applications.[7] [8] Google Inc. purchased the initial developer of the software, Android Inc., in 2005.[9] Android's mobile operating system is based on the Linux kernel. Google and other members of the Open Handset Alliance collaborated on Android's development and release.[10] [11] The Android Open Source Project (AOSP) is tasked with the maintenance and further development of Android.[12] The Android operating system is currently the world's best-selling Smartphone platform.[13] [14]
Android (operating system) Android has a large community of developers writing applications ("apps") that extend the functionality of the devices. There are currently over 200,000 apps available for Android.[15] [16] Android Market is the online app store run by Google, though apps can also be downloaded from third-party sites. Developers write primarily in the Java language, controlling the device via Google-developed Java libraries.[17] The unveiling of the Android distribution on 5 November 2007 was announced with the founding of the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of 80 hardware, software, and telecom companies devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices.[18] [19] Google released most of the Android code under the Apache License, a free software and open source license.[20] The Android open-source software stack consists of Java applications running on a Java-based, object-oriented application framework on top of Java core libraries running on a Dalvik virtual machine featuring JIT compilation. Libraries written in C include the surface manager, OpenCore[21] media framework, SQLite relational database management system, OpenGL ES 2.0 3D graphics API, WebKit layout engine, SGL graphics engine, SSL, and Bionic libc.
History Android Inc. founded in 2003 Android, Inc. was founded in Palo Alto, California, United States in October, 2003 by Andy Rubin (co-founder of Danger),[22] Rich Miner (co-founder of Wildfire Communications, Inc.),[23] Nick Sears (once VP at T-Mobile),[24] and Chris White (headed design and interface development at WebTV)[25] to develop, in Rubin's words "...smarter mobile devices that are more aware of its owner's location and preferences."[26] Despite the obvious past accomplishments of the founders and early employees, Android Inc. operated secretively, revealing only that it was working on software for mobile phones.[26]
Android Inc. acquired by Google Google acquired Android Inc. in August 2005, making Android Inc. a wholly owned subsidiary of Google Inc. Key employees of Android Inc., including Andy Rubin, Rich Miner and Chris White, stayed at the company after the acquisition.[23] Not much was known about Android Inc. at the time of the acquisition, but many assumed that Google was planning to enter the mobile phone market with this move.
Development accelerates At Google, the team led by Rubin developed a mobile device platform powered by the Linux kernel. Google marketed the platform to handset makers and carriers on the premise of providing a flexible, upgradable system. Google had lined up a series of hardware component and software partners and signaled to carriers that it was open [27] [28] [29] to various degrees of cooperation on their part. Speculation about Google's intention to enter the mobile communications market continued to build through December 2006.[30] Reports from the BBC and The Wall Street Journal noted that Google wanted its search and applications on mobile phones and it was working hard to deliver that. Print and online media outlets soon reported rumors that Google was developing a Google-branded handset.[31] Some speculated that as Google was defining technical specifications, it was showing prototypes to cell phone manufacturers and network operators. In September 2007, InformationWeek covered an Evalueserve study reporting that Google had filed several patent applications in the area of mobile telephony.[32] [33]
2
Android (operating system)
3
Open Handset Alliance "Today's announcement is more ambitious than any single 'Google Phone' that the press has been speculating about over the past few weeks. Our vision is that the powerful platform we're unveiling will power thousands of different phone models." Eric Schmidt, former Google Chairman/CEO
[10]
On November 5, 2007, the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of several companies which include Broadcom Corporation, Google, HTC, Intel, LG, Marvell Technology Group, Motorola, Nvidia, Qualcomm, Samsung Electronics, Sprint Nextel, T-Mobile and Texas Instruments unveiled itself. The goal of the Open Handset Alliance is to develop open standards for mobile devices.[10] On the same day, the Open Handset Alliance also unveiled their first product, Android, a mobile device platform built on the Linux kernel version 2.6.[10] On December 9, 2008, 14 new members joined, including ARM Holdings, Atheros Communications, Asustek Computer Inc, Garmin Ltd, Huawei Technologies, PacketVideo, Softbank, Sony Ericsson, Toshiba Corp, and Vodafone Group Plc.[34] [35]
Licensing With the exception of brief update periods, Android has been available under a free software/open source license since October, 21 2008. Google published the entire source code (including network and telephony stacks)[36] under an Apache License.[37] Google also keeps the reviewed issues list publicly open for anyone to see and comment.[38] Even though the software is open-source, device manufacturers cannot use Google's Android trademark unless Google certifies that the device complies with their Compatibility Definition Document (CDD). Devices must also meet this definition to be eligible to license Google's closed-source applications, including the Android Market.[39] In September 2010, Skyhook Wireless filed a lawsuit against Google in which they alleged that Google had used the compatibility document to block Skyhook's mobile positioning service (XPS) from Motorola's Android mobile devices.[40] In December 2010 a judge denied Skyhook's motion for preliminary injunction, saying that Google had not closed off the possibility of accepting a revised version of Skyhook's XPS service, and that Motorola had terminated their contract with Skyhook because Skyhook wanted to disable Google's location data collection functions on Motorola's devices, which would have violated Motorola's obligations to Google and its carriers.[41] In early 2011 Google chose to temporarily withhold the source code to the tablet-only Honeycomb release, which called into question the "open-ness" of this Android release.[42] The reason, according to Andy Rubin in an official Android blog post, was because Honeycomb was rushed for production of the Motorola Xoom,[43] and they didn't want third parties creating a "really bad user experience" by attempting to put onto smartphones a version of Android intended for tablets.[44] Google later confirmed that the Honeycomb source code would not be released until after it was merged with the Gingerbread release in Ice Cream Sandwich.[45]
Version history Android has seen a number of updates since its original release. These updates to the base operating system typically fix bugs and add new features. Generally, each new version of the Android operating system is developed under a code name based on a dessert item. Past updates included Cupcake and Donut. The code names are in alphabetical order (Cupcake, Donut, Eclair, Froyo, Gingerbread, Honeycomb, and the upcoming Ice Cream Sandwich). The most recently released versions of Android are: • 2.0/2.1 (Eclair), which revamped the user interface and introduced HTML5, W3C Geolocation API and Exchange ActiveSync 2.5 support[46] • 2.2 (Froyo), which introduced speed improvements with JIT optimization and the Chrome V8 JavaScript engine, and added Wi-Fi hotspot tethering and Adobe Flash support[47]
Android (operating system)
4
• 2.3 (Gingerbread), which refined the user interface, improved the soft keyboard and copy/paste features, and added support for Near Field Communication[48] • 3.0/3.1 (Honeycomb), a tablet-oriented[49] [50] [51] release which supports larger screen devices and introduces many new user interface features, and supports multicore processors and hardware acceleration for graphics.[52] The Honeycomb SDK has been released and the first device featuring this version, the Motorola Xoom tablet, went on sale in February 2011.[53] The 3.1 update was announced at the 2011 Google I/O on 10 May 2011.[54] • 3.2 (Honeycomb), which is similar to 3.1 but optimized for 7-inch tablets.[55] The upcoming version of Android is: • 4.0 (Ice Cream Sandwich),[56] a combination of Gingerbread and Honeycomb into a "cohesive whole."[57] It was announced on May 10, 2011 at Google I/O that it will be released in Q4 2011.[58]
Features Current features and specifications:[59] [60] [61]
The Android Emulator default home screen (v1.5).
Architecture diagram
Handset layouts
The platform is adaptable to larger, VGA, 2D graphics library, 3D graphics library based on OpenGL ES 2.0 specifications, and traditional smartphone layouts.
Storage
SQLite, a lightweight relational database, is used for data storage purposes
Connectivity
Android supports connectivity technologies including GSM/EDGE, IDEN, CDMA, EV-DO, UMTS, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi (no [62] [63] connections through Proxy server and no Ad hoc wireless network), LTE, NFC and WiMAX.
Messaging
SMS and MMS are available forms of messaging, including threaded text messaging and now Android Cloud To Device Messaging Framework(C2DM) is also a part of Android Push Messaging service.
Multiple language support
Multiple languages are available on Android. The number of languages more than doubled for the platform 2.3 Gingerbread. Android lacks font rendering of several languages even after official announcements of added support (e.g. Hindi).
Android (operating system)
5
Web browser
The web browser available in Android is based on the open-source WebKit layout engine, coupled with Chrome's V8 JavaScript engine. The browser scores a 93/100 on the Acid3 Test.
Java support
While most Android applications are written in Java, there is no Java Virtual Machine in the platform and Java byte code is not executed. Java classes are compiled into Dalvik executables and run on Dalvik, a specialized virtual machine designed specifically for Android and optimized for battery-powered mobile devices with limited memory and CPU. J2ME support can be provided via third-party applications.
Media support
Android supports the following audio/video/still media formats: WebM, H.263, H.264 (in 3GP or MP4 container), MPEG-4 SP, AMR, AMR-WB (in 3GP container), AAC, HE-AAC (in MP4 or 3GP container), MP3, MIDI, Ogg Vorbis, FLAC, WAV, [64] [61] JPEG, PNG, GIF (though earlier versions do not support animated GIFs, BMP.
Streaming media support
RTP/RTSP streaming (3GPP PSS, ISMA), HTML progressive download (HTML5 tag). Adobe Flash Streaming [65] (RTMP) and HTTP Dynamic Streaming are supported by the Flash plugin. Apple HTTP Live Streaming is supported by [66] [52] RealPlayer for Mobile, and by the operating system in Android 3.0 (Honeycomb). Microsoft Smooth Streaming is planned to be supported through the awaited port of Silverlight plugin to Android.
Additional hardware support
Android can use video/still cameras, touchscreens, GPS, accelerometers, gyroscopes, magnetometers, dedicated gaming controls, proximity and pressure sensors, thermometers, accelerated 2D bit blits (with hardware orientation, scaling, pixel format conversion) and accelerated 3D graphics.
Multi-touch
Android has native support for multi-touch which was initially made available in handsets such as the HTC Hero. The feature was originally disabled at the kernel level (possibly to avoid infringing Apple's patents on touch-screen technology at the [67] time). Google has since released an update for the Nexus One and the Motorola Droid which enables multi-touch [68] natively.
Bluetooth
Supports A2DP, AVRCP, sending files (OPP), accessing the phone book (PBAP), voice dialing and sending contacts between phones. Keyboard, mouse and joystick (HID) support is available through manufacturer customizations and third-party [52] applications. Full HID support is planned for Android 3.0 (Honeycomb).
Video calling
Android does not support native video calling, but some handsets have a customized version of the operating system that supports it, either via the UMTS network (like the Samsung Galaxy S) or over IP. Video calling through Google Talk is available in Android 2.3.4 and later.
Multitasking
Multitasking of applications is available.
Voice based features
Google search through voice has been available since initial release. [71] supported on Android 2.2 onwards.
Tethering
Android supports tethering, which allows a phone to be used as a wireless/wired hotspot. Before Android 2.2 this was supported [72] by third-party applications or manufacturer customizations.
Screen capture
Android does not support screenshot capture as of 2011. This is supported by manufacturer and third-party customizations.
[69] [70]
Voice actions for calling, texting, navigation, etc. are
[73]
Hardware running Android The Android operating system is used on smartphones, netbooks, tablets, Google TV, and other devices.[74] [75] The main hardware platform for Android is the ARM architecture. There is support for x86 from the Android-x86 project,[76] and Google TV uses a special x86 version of Android. The first commercially available phone to run Android was the HTC Dream, released on 22 October 2008.[77] In early 2010 Google collaborated with HTC to launch its flagship[78] Android device, the Nexus One. This was followed later in 2010 with the Samsung-made Nexus S. iOS and Android 2.3.3 'Gingerbread' may be set up to dual boot on a jailbroken iPhone or iPod Touch with the help of OpeniBoot and iDroid.[79] [80]
Android (operating system)
Applications Applications are usually developed in the Java language using the Android Software Development Kit, but other development tools are available, including a Native Development Kit for applications or extensions in C or C++, and Google App Inventor, a visual environment for novice programmers.
Android Market Android Market is the online software store developed by Google for Android devices. An application program ("app") called "Market" is preinstalled on most Android devices and allows users to browse and download apps published by third-party developers, hosted on Android Market. As of December 2010 there were about 200,000 games, applications and widgets available on the Android Market.[81] In April 2011 Google said there had been over 3 billion Android apps installed.[82] Only devices that comply with Google's compatibility requirements are allowed to preinstall Google's closed-source Android Market app and access the Market.[83] The Market filters the list of applications presented by the Market app to those that are compatible with the user's device, and developers may restrict their applications to particular carriers or countries for business reasons. [84] Google has participated in the Android Market by offering several applications themselves, including Google Voice for the Google Voice service, Sky Map for watching stars, Finance for their finance service, Maps Editor for their MyMaps service, Places Directory for their Local Search, Google Goggles that searches by image, Gesture Search for using finger-written letters and numbers to search the contents of the phone, Google Translate, Google Shopper, Listen for podcasts and My Tracks, a jogging application. In August 2010, Google launched "Voice Actions for Android,"[85] which allows users to search, write messages, and initiate calls by voice. Alternatively, users can install apps from third party app stores such as the Amazon Appstore,[86] or directly onto the device if they have the application's APK file.
Security In August 2010, an SMS Trojan called Trojan-SMS.AndroidOS.FakePlayer.a infected a number of mobile devices, according to security firm Kaspersky Lab. Disguised as a harmless media player application, the trojan, once installed sends out SMS text messages without the users knowledge or consent. According to Denis Maslennikov, Senior Malware Researcher at Kaspersky Lab, an exact number of devices infected is not available at present, but the outbreak is currently regional. For now, only Russian Android users can actually lose money after installing the Trojan, but anyone can be infected.[87] Android users were advised not to use the Android web browser until Google issues a security patch. The Android Security Team responded and developed a fix on February 5 and patched Open Source Android two days later. In March 2011, Google pulled 58 malicious apps from the Android Market, but not before the 58 apps were [88] These apps were malicious applications in the Android Market which downloaded to around 260,000 devices. contained trojans hidden in pirated versions of legitimate apps.[89] The malware (called DroidDream) exploited a bug which was present in versions of Android older than 2.2.2.[90] Android device manufacturers and carriers work in tandem to distribute Android based updates and had not uniformly issued patches to their customers for the DroidDream exploit, leaving users vulnerable.[91] Google said the exploit allowed the apps to gather device specific information, as well as personal information. The exploit also allowed the apps to download additional code that could be run on the device.[92] Within days, Google remotely wiped the apps from infected users and rolled out an update that would negate the exploits that allowed the apps to view information. They also announced that they would be resolving the issue to ensure that events like this did not occur again.[93] Security firms such as AVG Technologies and Symantec have released antivirus software for Android devices.
6
Android (operating system)
7
Privacy concerns It is reported that Google uses Android smartphones to report the location of Wi-Fi access points it encounters as phone users move around to build vast databases containing physical location of hundreds of millions of such access points. These databases form electronic maps to locate smartphones, allowing them to run apps like Foursquare and companies like Google to deliver location-based ads.[94] One design issue is that average users have no feasible ability to monitor how downloaded applications access and use private and sensitive data (e.g. location and hardware ID numbers). Even during installation, permission checks do not often indicate to the user how critical services and data will be used or misused. To identify how such information may be exfiltrated there is a need for third party monitoring software, such as TaintDroid[95] (an academic research-funded project). Installing such low-level monitoring tools requires programming skills, reflashing the ROM and also voids the warranty. Users can also be notified of an application's behavior via a license agreement that is usually (not always, due to lack of enforcement), displayed on first use of the application but it is generally accepted that majority of the users do not read or understand the legal fine print in license agreements and often just skip and accept them. In 2010, Google admitted that vehicles, which it had used to gather photographs for its Street View service, had scooped up data from unsecured home and business Wi-Fi networks in the U.S. and other countries. According to a company executive, Google's decision to stop using Street View vehicles to map Wi-Fi networks after the privacy breach had made smartphone data all the more crucial to its location database. The company had used Street View vehicles and phone data to map Wi-Fi access points since 2007, and by 2010, it had logged the location of more than 300 million of them, enabling the company to pinpoint a smartphone user with an accuracy of within 98 feet. Location data is collected through Android phones when users give permission "[a]llow[ing] Google's location service to collect anonymous location data. Collection will occur even when no applications are running" when a new phone is set up.[94]
Marketing The Android logo was designed along with the Droid font family made by Ascender Corporation.[96] Android Green is the color of the Android Robot that represents the Android operating system. The print color is PMS 376C and the RGB color value in hexadecimal is #A4C639, as specified by the Android Brand Guidelines.[97] The custom typeface of Android is called Norad. It is only used in the text logo.[98]
Market share Research company Canalys estimated in Q2 2009 that Android had a 2.8% share of worldwide smartphone shipments.[99] By Q4 2010 this had grown to 33% of the market, becoming the top-selling smartphone platform. This estimate includes the Tapas and OMS variants of Android.[13]
Android logo
In February 2010 ComScore said the Android platform had 9.0% of the U.S. smartphone market, as measured by current mobile subscribers. This figure was up from an earlier estimate of 5.2% in November 2009.[100] By the end of Q3 2010 Android's U.S. market share had grown to 21.4 percent.[101] In May 2010, Android's first quarter U.S. sales surpassed that of the rival iPhone platform. According to a report by the NPD group, Android achieved 25% smartphone sales in the US market, up 8% from the December quarter. In the
Android (operating system)
8
second quarter, Apple's iOS was up by 11%, indicating that Android is taking market share mainly from RIM, and still has to compete with heavy consumer demand for new competitor offerings.[102] Furthermore, analysts pointed to advantages that Android has as a multi-channel, multi-carrier OS, which allowed it to duplicate the quick success of Microsoft's Windows Mobile.[103] As of June 2011 Google said that 500,000 new Android devices were being activated every day—up from 400,000 per day just two months earlier in May 2011 -and more than 100 million devices have been activated. Android hit 300,000 activations per day back in December 2010. In June 28, 2011 500,000 Android devices are now activated by Google each day with growth 4.4 percent per week.[15] [104] [105]
Usage share Version
API level Distribution
3.x.x Honeycomb
11
0.9%
2.3.x Gingerbread
10
18.6%
2.2.x Froyo
8
59.4%
2.0.x/2.1.x Eclair
7
17.5%
1.6 Donut
4
2.2%
1.5 Cupcake
3
1.4%
Linux compatibility Android's kernel is derived from the Linux kernel. Google contributed code to the Linux kernel as part of their Android effort, but certain features, notably a power management feature called wakelocks, were rejected by mainline kernel developers, so the Android kernel is now a separate version or fork of the Linux kernel.[106] [107] [108]
Google announced in April 2010 that they would hire two employees to work with the Linux kernel community.[109] Greg Kroah-Hartman, the current Linux kernel maintainer for the -stable branch, said in December 2010 that he was concerned that Google was no longer trying to get their code changes included in mainstream Linux.[110] Some Google Android developers hinted that "the Android team was getting fed up with the process," because they were a small team and had more urgent work to do on Android.[111] Android does not have a native X Window System nor does it support the full set of standard GNU libraries, and this makes it difficult to port existing GNU/Linux applications or libraries to Android.[112] However, support for the X Window System is possible.[113]
Claimed infringement of copyrights and patents On 12 August 2010, Oracle, owner of Java since it acquired Sun Microsystems in April 2009, sued Google over claimed infringement of copyrights and patents. The lawsuit claims that, "In developing Android, Google knowingly, directly and repeatedly infringed Oracle's Java-related intellectual property."[114] Specifically the patent infringement claim references seven patents including United States Patent No. 5,966,702, entitled "Method And Apparatus For Preprocessing And Packaging Class Files," and United States Patent No. 6,910,205, entitled "Interpreting Functions Utilizing A Hybrid Of Virtual And Native Machine Instructions."[115] It also references United States Patent No. RE38,104, ("the '104 patent") entitled “Method And Apparatus For Resolving Data References In Generated Code” authored by James Gosling, best known as the father of the Java programming language,[116] and currently a Google employee.[117]
Android (operating system) In response Google submitted multiple lines of defense, saying that Android did not infringe on Oracle's patents or copyright, that Oracle's patents were invalid, and several other defenses. They said that Android is based on Apache Harmony, a clean room implementation of the Java class libraries, and an independently developed virtual machine called Dalvik.[118] [119] [120] The Free Software Foundation has called this suit a "clear attack against someone's freedom to use, share, modify, and redistribute software."[121] However, the FSF also criticized Google, saying that Google could have avoided the suit by building Android on top of IcedTea, whose GPL license provides some protection against patents, instead of implementing it independently under the Apache License. The FSF wrote "It's sad to see that Google apparently shunned those protections in order to make proprietary software development easier on Android." and remarked that Google had not taken any clear position or action against software patents. In 2010, Microsoft started demanding licensing fees from hardware manufacturers shipping Android, claiming that the operating system infringes on a number of patents owned by Microsoft. Microsoft signed deals with HTC Corporation and others, and filed patent infringement lawsuits against Barnes & Noble and Motorola.[122]
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[87] Android Vulnerability So Dangerous, Owners Warned Not to Use Phone's Web Browser: Updated (http:/ / www. readwriteweb. com/ archives/ android_vulnerability_so_dangerous_shouldnt_use_web_browser. php) [88] "Google Responds To Android Malware, Will Fix Infected Devices And ‘Remote Kill’ Malicious Apps" (http:/ / techcrunch. com/ 2011/ 03/ 05/ android-malware-rootkit-google-response/ ). Tech Crunch. March 6, 2011. . [89] "The Mother Of All Android Malware Has Arrived" (http:/ / www. androidpolice. com/ 2011/ 03/ 01/ the-mother-of-all-android-malware-has-arrived-stolen-apps-released-to-the-market-that-root-your-phone-steal-your-data-and-open-backdoor/ ). Android Police. March 6, 2011. . 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[100] "comScore Reports February 2010 U.S. Mobile Subscriber Market Share" (http:/ / www. mycomscore. net/ Press_Events/ Press_Releases/ 2010/ 4/ comScore_Reports_February_2010_U. S. _Mobile_Subscriber_Market_Share). Comscore.com. 5 April 2010. . Retrieved 24 December 2010. "RIM, 42.1%; Apple, 25.4%; Microsoft, 15.1%; Google (Android), 9.0%; Palm, 5.4%; others, 3.0%" [101] "comScore Reports September 2010 U.S. Mobile Subscriber Market Share" (http:/ / www. comscore. com/ Press_Events/ Press_Releases/ 2010/ 11/ comScore_Reports_September_2010_U. S. _Mobile_Subscriber_Market_Share). Comscore.com. 3 November 2010. . Retrieved 24 December 2010. [102] "Android hits top spot in U.S. smartphone market" (http:/ / news. cnet. com/ 8301-1035_3-20012627-94. html). 2010-08-04. . Retrieved 2010-08-04. [103] Greg Sandoval (2010-08-02). "More signs iPhone under Android attack" (http:/ / news. cnet. com/ 8301-13579_3-20012418-37. html). . Retrieved 2010-08-04. [104] Arthur, Charles (2010-06-25). "Eric Schmidt's dog whistle to mobile developers: abandon Windows Phone" (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ technology/ 2010/ jun/ 25/ android-schmidt-mobile-platform). London: The Guardian. . [105] http:/ / old. news. yahoo. com/ s/ digitaltrends/ 20110628/ tc_digitaltrends/ googleactivates500000androiddevicesadaymayreach1millionbyoctober [106] "Linux developer explains Android kernel code removal" (http:/ / news. zdnet. com/ 2100-9595_22-389733. html). ZDNet. 2010-02-02. . Retrieved 2010-02-03. [107] Greg Kroah-Hartman (2010-02-02). "Android and the Linux kernel community" (http:/ / www. kroah. com/ log/ linux/ android-kernel-problems. html). . Retrieved 2010-02-03. "This means that any drivers written for Android hardware platforms cannot get merged into the main kernel tree because they have dependencies on code that only lives in Google's kernel tree, causing it to fail to build in the kernel.org tree. Because of this, Google has now prevented a large chunk of hardware drivers and platform code from ever getting merged into the main kernel tree. Effectively creating a kernel branch that a number of different vendors are now relying on.(...) But now they are stuck. Companies with Android-specific platform and drivers cannot contribute upstream, which causes these companies a much larger maintenance and development cycle." [108] "Garrett's LinuxCon Talk Emphasizes Lessons Learned from Android/Kernel Saga" (http:/ / www. linux. com/ news/ embedded-mobile/ mobile-linux/ 344486-garretta-linuxcon-talk-emphasizes-lessons-learned-from-androidkernel-saga). Linux.com. 2011-08-10. . Retrieved 2011-01-02. "Garrett, whose field of expertise is power management at Red Hat, nonetheless admitted that when he first saw the patch submitted by Android, he didn't even know what the patch was trying to fix and what specific functions were being called in the patch. New
12
Android (operating system) undefined terms, such as "wakelock" and "earlysuspend," were intermixed in the original January 2009 patch submittal to the mainline kernel, making the patch very hard to understand(...)There were questions about the very motivation of the patch: with the undefined terms, kernel developers were unsure what problem was being addressed and if the problem would even apply to the Linux kernel as a whole(...)As for Android's patch, a minimal solution has been introduced to the mainline, but their proposed changes are still pending." [109] "DiBona: Google will hire two Android coders to work with kernel.org" (http:/ / blogs. zdnet. com/ open-source/ ?p=6274). www.zdnet.com. 15 April 2010. . Retrieved 2010-04-29. [110] Greg Kroah-Hartman (2010-12-09). "Android and the Linux kernel community" (http:/ / www. kroah. com/ log/ linux/ android-kernel-problems. html). . Retrieved 2011-01-02. "Google shows no sign of working to get their code upstream anymore. Some companies are trying to strip the Android-specific interfaces from their codebase and push that upstream, but that causes a much larger engineering effort, and is a pain that just should not be necessary(...)As for me, I think I'll look into getting a Nokia N900. It looks much more open, with the code mostly all upstream, and a much more active developer community.." [111] "Android/Linux kernel fight continues" (http:/ / blogs. computerworld. com/ 16900/ android_linux_kernel_fight_continues). Computerworld. 2010-09-07. . Retrieved 2011-01-02. "Unfortunately, according to Ts'o, time is not something the Android team has a lot of. They're too busy running to keep up with hardware requirements. Ts'o said that, although, "There's less than 64K of patch, there's been over 1,800 mail messages of discussion." Ts'o made it sound like the Android team is getting fed up with the process. "Android is a small team. They feel that they're spending a vast amount of time getting the code upstream (to the main Linux kernel)."" [112] Paul, Ryan (23 February 2009). "Dream(sheep++): A developer's introduction to Google Android" (http:/ / arstechnica. com/ open-source/ reviews/ 2009/ 02/ an-introduction-to-google-android-for-developers. ars). Ars Technica. . Retrieved 2009-03-07. "In fact, during a presentation at the Google I/O conference, Google engineer Patrick Brady stated unambiguously that Android is not Linux. (...) The problem with Google approach is that it makes Android an island. The highly insular nature of the platform prevents Android users and developers from taking advantage of the rich ecosystem of existing third-party Linux applications. Android doesn't officially support native C programs at all, so it won't be possible to port your favorite GTK+ or Qt applications to Android" [113] "Re:Gnome, KDE, IceWM or LXDE Desktop on your Android! - AndroidFanatic Community Forums" (http:/ / www. androidfanatic. com/ community-forums. html? func=view& catid=9& id=1615). Androidfanatic.com. . Retrieved 2010-10-29. [114] James Niccolai (2010-08-12). "Oracle sues Google over Java use in Android" (http:/ / www. computerworld. com/ s/ article/ 9180678/ Update_Oracle_sues_Google_over_Java_use_in_Android?taxonomyId=13). . Retrieved 2010-08-20. [115] "Oracle's complaint against Google for Java patent infringement" (http:/ / www. scribd. com/ doc/ 35811761/ Oracle-s-complaint-against-Google-for-Java-patent-infringement). scribd.com. . Retrieved 2010-08-13. [116] Ed Burnette (August 12, 2010). "Oracle uses James Gosling patent to attack Google and Android developers" (http:/ / www. zdnet. com/ blog/ burnette/ oracle-uses-james-gosling-patent-to-attack-google-and-android-developers/ 2035?tag=mantle_skin;content). ZD Net. . Retrieved 2010-11-03. [117] Businessinsider.com (http:/ / www. businessinsider. com/ google-snags-java-inventor-james-gosling-2011-3) [118] Ryan Singel (5 October 2010). "Calling Oracle Hypocritical, Google Denies Patent Infringement" (http:/ / www. wired. com/ epicenter/ 2010/ 10/ google-oracle-android/ ). Wired News. . Retrieved 26 December 2010. [119] "Google Answers Oracle, Counterclaims, and Moves to Dismiss Copyright Infringement Claim" (http:/ / groklaw. net/ article. php?story=20101005114201136). Groklaw. 5 October 2010. . Retrieved 26 December 2010. [120] "Google Files Sizzling Answer to Oracle's Amended Complaint and its Opposition to Motion to Dismiss - updated 2Xs" (http:/ / groklaw. net/ article. php?story=20101111114933605). Groklaw. 11 November 2010. . Retrieved 26 December 2010. [121] Brett Smith (September 8, 2010). "FSF responds to Oracle v. Google and the threat of software patents" (http:/ / www. fsf. org/ news/ oracle-v-google/ ?searchterm=Oracle). Free Software Foundation. . Retrieved 2010-11-03. [122] Charles Arthur (2011-07-07). "What if patent fees for Android cost as much as licensing Windows Phone?" (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ technology/ 2011/ jul/ 07/ windows-phone-android-patent-seeking). . Retrieved 2011-07-07.
External links • Official website (http://www.android.com) • Android Open Source Project (http://source.android.com/) • Android Market (http://www.android.com/market) • Android Brand Guidelines (http://www.android.com/branding/) • Sergey Brin introduces the Android platform (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1FJHYqE0RDg) on YouTube • Android: Building a Mobile Platform to Change the Industry (http://www.stanford.edu/class/ee380/Abstracts/ 071128.html) — lecture given by Google Mobile Platforms Manager, Richard Miner at Stanford University ( video archive (http://ee380.stanford.edu/cgi-bin/videologger.php?target=071128-ee380-300.asx)). • Android (operating system) (http://www.dmoz.org/Computers/Systems/Handhelds/Android/) at the Open Directory Project
13
Android (operating system) • Android Internals: Fragment of a course detailing the architecture of Android and interaction of its components (http://technologeeks.com/Courses/Android-Excerpt.pdf) • Diagram of Android Internals (http://www.makelinux.net/android/internals/)
Andrography Andrography is the art of taking a photograph, (optionally) edit it, and (optionally) share it using an android device. The person who took photographs using an android device is called an Andrographer.
Uniqueness of Andrography Andrography gained the interest of many android device users from its inception. It is not only a more accessible type of photography for people who don't yet own the skills of a professional photographer, but can also be a tool for professional photographers to do a more down to earth photographs with great results. While android users are commonly known as 'geeks', these Andrographers differentiate themselves so that they can be called artists. The basic premise of Andrography is the same as Photography, but using an Android device. Andrography is unique in the sense that the individual may achieve original exposure, post processing and sharing on a single Android device. Photo editing apps available on the Android Market make it possible for the Andrographers to easily edit and apply special effects to the photo that conventionally would require a DSLR camera or computer programs like Adobe Photoshop. What separates the photographic experience of the Android platform from the iOS platform is the fact that there are multiple devices with many apps available that are free from the canon of a single company and free of proprietary forms of communication and sharing. With the advancements in the quality of cameras in Android devices, Andrographic exploits have been taken more seriously among many photographers; professional and amateur alike, as a photographic medium in itself. Andrography is a unique creative outlet for many photographers who are looking to break away from the constraints of the rules of photography. It is also a way to express 'casual' or 'point and shoot' photography without the use of a 'pocket' or 'point and shoot' digital camera. Insiders of the photographic industry have predicted that with the rise of 'smart phones with advanced cameras,' the compact digital cameras, or 'point and shoot' cameras will become irrelevant.[1]
History No known particular timeline where and when the term 'Andrography' is coined. It's just simply a play of words between 'Android' and 'Photography'. This term is used in photo social medias that acknowledge android as one of the main devices to share photos. Some of these photo social medias have specially designed applications to share [2] [3] photos from an android device (e.g.: mytubo.net , picplz.com ). As a result of the rise of Andrography, several communities are formed as a place for these Andrographers to share their works and to share tips and tricks. One of the first of such community is Fotodroids[4] which was established on January 30, 2011 and is based in Indonesia but has since expanded more internationally as their community is getting more attention through photo social medias.
14
Andrography
Law Like photography, andrography is both restricted and protected by the law in many jurisdictions. Protection of andrographs is typically achieved through the granting of copyright or moral rights to the andrographer. In the UK a recent law (Counter-Terrorism Act 2008) increases the power of the police to prevent people, even press photographers, from taking pictures in public places.[5]
List of Andrography softwares • • • • • • • • •
Camera360 LittlePhoto MagicHour Photo4Phone PhotoShake PicSay Pro HDR Camera Touch Retouch Vignette
References [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]
Leonard, Mark. Guest speaker at the 2010 PRO Convention, Cleveland, Ohio. http:/ / mytubo. net/ http:/ / picplz. com/ Fotodroids (http:/ / fotodroids. net) British Journal of Photography article (http:/ / www. bjp-online. com/ public/ showPage. html?page=836675)
15
Android Dev Phone
Android Dev Phone The Android Dev Phone (ADP) is a SIM-unlocked and hardware-unlocked Android device that is designed for advanced developers. While developers can use regular consumer devices purchased at retail to test and use their apps, some developers may choose not to use a retail device, preferring an unlocked or no-contract device.
Android Dev Phone 1 On December 5, 2008, Google announced the Android Dev Phone 1, a version of the HTC Dream. The Android Dev Phone 1 is a SIM-unlocked and hardware-unlocked device that is designed for advanced developers. The device ships with a system image that is fully compatible with Android 1.0. It is possible to use any Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) in the device and one can flash custom Android builds that will work with the unlocked bootloader. Unlike the bootloader on retail devices, the bootloader on the Android Dev Phone 1 does not enforce signed system images. The Android Dev Phone 1 should also appeal to developers who live outside of T-Mobile geographies. The device itself costs $399 (US) (including free shipping in the US). Google states that "The Android Dev Phone 1 devices are not intended for non-developer end-users. Because the device can be configured with system software not provided by or supported by Google or any other company, end-users operate these devices at their own risk."[1]
Criticism The Android Dev Phone 1 device is not available for anonymous public purchase. To purchase one, one must first register as an Android developer on the Android Market site, which costs $25 (US). There is also a limit of 10 devices per developer account. Registration provides a method by which Google can track developers, but so far Google only states that registration (and the 10-devices limit) is "to accommodate demand".[1]
Copy protection Applications developed for distribution on the Android Market allow the developer to enable copy protection which prevents the end user from copying the application from the phone. Because the Android Dev Phone allows unrestricted access to the OS, this copy protection is disabled. If the developer enables copy protection on their application, then the application does not appear on the Android Market for the Dev Phone. [2]
Availability The device is available for purchase in 19 international markets, including United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Japan, India, Canada, France, Taiwan, Spain, Australia, Singapore, Switzerland, Netherlands, Austria, Sweden, Finland, Poland, Egypt, and Hungary.[3]
Hardware specifications Android Dev Phone 1: • • • • • •
Touch screen Trackball 3.2 megapixel camera with autofocus Wi-Fi GPS-enabled Bluetooth v2.0
• Handsfree profile v1.5 • Headset profile v1 • 3G WCDMA (1700/2100MHz)
16
Android Dev Phone • • • • •
Quad-band GSM (850/900/1800/1900MHz) 256MB Flash Memory 192MB RAM QWERTY slider keyboard Includes 1GB MicroSD card (can be replaced with up to 16GB card)
Android Dev Phone 2 The Android Dev Phone 2 is a hardware unlocked version of the HTC Magic. The Android Dev Phone 2 is a SIM-unlocked and hardware-unlocked device that is designed for advanced developers. The device ships with a system image that is fully compatible with Android 1.6. It is possible to use any SIM in the device and one can flash custom Android builds that will work with the unlocked bootloader. Unlike the bootloader on retail devices, the bootloader on the Android Dev Phone 2 does not enforce signed system images. The Android Dev Phone 2 should also appeal to developers who live outside of T-Mobile geographies. The device itself costs $399 (USD) (including free shipping in the US). Google states that "The Android Dev Phone 2 devices are not intended for non-developer end-users. Because the device can be configured with system software not provided by or supported by Google or any other company, end-users operate these devices at their own risk."[1]
Availability The device is available for purchase in 21 international markets, including United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Japan, India, Canada, France, Taiwan, Spain, Australia, Singapore, Switzerland, Netherlands, New Zealand, Austria, Sweden, Estonia, Finland, Poland, Egypt, and Hungary.[4]
Hardware specifications Android Dev Phone 2: • • • • • • • • • • • •
Capacitive touch screen 3.0 megapixel camera with autofocus Wi-Fi 802.11b/g A-GPS-enabled Bluetooth v2.0 with EDR 3G WCDMA (1700/2100MHz) Quad-band GSM (850/900/1800/1900MHz) 512MB Flash Memory 192MB RAM MicroSD card slot USB 2.0 1340 mAh Battery
Nexus One The Nexus One is a SIM-unlocked and hardware-unlocked device that is designed for advanced developers. The device ships with a system image that is fully compatible with Android 2.2. It is possible to use any SIM in the device and one can flash custom Android builds that will work with the unlocked bootloader. The device can be configured with system software not provided by or supported by Google or any other company, end-users operate these devices at their own risk.[1]
17
Android Dev Phone
Nexus S The Nexus S is a SIM-unlocked and hardware-unlocked device that is designed for advanced developers. The device ships with a system image that is fully compatible with Android 2.3. It is possible to use any SIM in the device and one can flash custom Android builds that will work with the unlocked bootloader. The device can be configured with system software not provided by or supported by Google or any other company, end-users operate these devices at their own risk.
References [1] [2] [3] [4]
http:/ / developer. android. com/ guide/ developing/ device. html http:/ / android-developers. blogspot. com/ 2009/ 03/ software-update-available-for-android. html http:/ / android. brightstarcorp. com/ index_adp1. htm http:/ / android. brightstarcorp. com/ index_adp2. htm
External links • Flashing your Android Dev Phone with a Factory System Image (http://developer.htc.com/adp.html) • Android Dev Phone (http://androiddevphone.com/) • Android Dev Phone 3 available (http://www.go-android.de/news/ android-dev-phone-3tm-bei-google-erhaeltlich-adp3)
Android Developer Challenge The Android Developer Challenge (ADC) was launched by Google in 2008, with the aim of providing awards for high-quality mobile applications built on the Android platform. In November 2009, the winners of Android Developers Challenge II were selected after two rounds of scoring by thousands of Android users as well as an official panel of judges. The overall winners of ADC II were SweetDreams [1], What the Doodle!? [2] and WaveSecure [3].
History Android is a software stack for mobile devices that includes an operating system, middleware and key applications. The Android SDK provides the tools and APIs necessary to begin developing applications that run on Android-powered devices. Android Developer Challenge was a competition for the most innovative applications for Android. Google offered USD 10 million in prizes, distributed between ADC I and ADC II. All entries were judged by a panel of experts in the fields of mobile devices, cellular telecommunications, software development or technology innovation. Google selected the judges from the member organizations of the Open Handset Alliance, Google and mobile experts.
18
Android Developer Challenge
Android Developer Challenge I The Android Developer Challenge was first announced in January, with submissions being accepted from 2 January to 14 April 2008. With participants from over 70 countries and a total of 1,788 entries, the ADC was an immediate success, and the Android Developers' blog reported a submission rate of 170+ submissions per hour on 14 April.[4] Developers from the United States accounted for one-third of the total applications while the rest came from countries such as Germany, Japan, China, India, Canada, France, UK, and many others. The entries represented a diverse range of application areas, including games, social-networking applications, utilities and productivity and developer tools. A panel of over 100 judges received judging packets and laptops that were preloaded with all the submissions, for a consistent, fair environment to judge the submissions. After three weeks of rigorous analysis, the judges released a list of 50 first round winners, who were then eligible to participate in the final round. These 50 most promising entries, announced on 5 May 2008, each received a $25,000 award to fund further development.[5] [6] The finalists were then given a deadline of 30 June 2008 to submit their applications for the final round. The competition concluded with the announcement of ten teams that received $275,000 each, and ten teams that received $100,000 each.[7] The entire list of $275,000 Award Recipients, $100,000 Award Recipients, Finalists and Judges can be viewed here.[8]
Android Developers Challenge II ADC II was announced on 27 May 2009.,[9] calling developers to submit their apps to one of ten specially-designated ADC II categories in August. The categories were: • • • • • • • • • •
Education/Reference Games: Casual/Puzzle Games: Arcade/Action Social Networking Lifestyle Productivity/Tools Media Entertainment Travel Misc
Applicants were allowed to submit their applications to a single category only. The winners were selected after two rounds of scoring by thousands of Android users as well as an official panel of judges.
Eligibility The ADC II contest was open only to applications that had not been made publicly available through the Android Market prior to August 1, 2009. Additionally, applications that were entered in the ADC I contest were ineligible for the ADC II contest, regardless whether they were winning apps. Similarly, updated versions of applications entered in the ADC 1 contest were ineligible for ADC II.
First Round, ADC II In September 2009, users of Android-powered handsets that could access the Android Market were able to obtain a special ADC II judging application from the Android Market. With this app, they could download, test, and rank applications submitted to the challenge. Users choosing to participate in the review process downloaded submitted apps randomly and rated them along a number of criteria, resulting in a final score for each app. The results from this first round generated the top 20 applications in each of the 10 categories (200 apps total), which went into the second
19
Android Developer Challenge round. The first round of the ADC II closed on 6 October 2009.[10] The first-round winners were announced on 5 November 2009.
Second Round, ADC II Voting for the second round opened on the same day and ended on November 25. Android users were able to download the final top 20 applications in each category and evaluate them in the same manner as during the First Round using the ADC 2 judging app. At the end of the voting period, applications in each category were ranked, with the community vote constituting 40% of the final judging score. Along with the public ranking, a team of Google-selected judges evaluated the applications. Their scores constituted 60% of the final score. Google announced the top winners of ADC II on November 30,[11] [12] with SweetDreams, What the Doodle!? and WaveSecure being nominated the overall winners of the challenge. Furthermore, 1st, 2nd and 3rd prizes were awarded in each of the 10 categories.[13]
References [1] [2] [3] [4]
http:/ / market. android. com/ details?id=com. inizz http:/ / market. android. com/ details?id=com. che. wtd. client. lite http:/ / market. android. com/ details?id=com. wsandroid "Android Developers Blog" (http:/ / android-developers. blogspot. com/ ). Android-developers.blogspot.com. . Retrieved 2010-05-19.
[5] Chen, Jason (12 May 2008). "The Top 50 Applications" (http:/ / android-developers. blogspot. com/ 2008/ 05/ top-50-applications. html). Android Developers Blog. . Retrieved 2009-09-04. [6] Brown, Eric (13 May 2008). "Android Developer Challenge announces first-round winners" (http:/ / www. linuxdevices. com/ news/ NS3168326017. html). Linux for Devices. . [7] "ADC I Top 50 Gallery" (http:/ / code. google. com/ android/ adc/ adc_gallery/ ). Android Developer Challenge. . Retrieved 2009-05-19. [8] "ADC I Top 50 Gallery - Android Developer Challenge" (http:/ / code. google. com/ android/ adc/ adc_gallery/ #3). Code.google.com. . Retrieved 2010-05-19. [9] "Android Developer Challenge" (http:/ / code. google. com/ android/ adc/ ). Google Code. . Retrieved 2008-01-11. [10] Chu, Eric (6 October 2009). "ADC 2 Round 1 Scoring Complete" (http:/ / android-developers. blogspot. com/ 2009/ 10/ adc-2-round-1-scoring-complete. html). Android Developers Blog. . Retrieved 3 November 2009. [11] "ADC 2 Overall Winners" (http:/ / code. google. com/ android/ adc/ gallery_winners. html). Android Developer Challenge. Google. . Retrieved 5 December 2010. [12] Kharif, Olga (30 November 2009). "Android Developer Challenge 2 Winners Announced" (http:/ / www. businessweek. com/ the_thread/ techbeat/ archives/ 2009/ 11/ android_develop_2. html). BusinessWeek. . Retrieved 5 December 2010. [13] "Android Developer Challenge" (http:/ / code. google. com/ android/ adc/ gallery_winners. html). Code.google.com. . Retrieved 2010-05-19.
20
Android Market
21
Android Market Android Market
Developer(s)
Initial release
October 22, 2008
Stable release
2.3.6
[1]
Development status Online Operating system
Android
Size
200,000+ apps officially
Type
Software store
Website
market.android.com/
[2] [3]
, 420,000+ estimated apps
[4]
[5]
Android Market is an online software store developed by Google for Android devices. An application program ("app") called "Market" is preinstalled on most Android devices and allows users to browse and download apps published by third-party developers, hosted on Android Market. Users can also search for and read detailed information about apps from the Android Market website.
Android Market
22
History Introduction Google announced the Android Market on 28 August 2008, and made it available to users on 22 October 2008. They introduced support for paid applications from 13 February 2009 for US and UK developers,[6] with additional support from 29 countries on 30 September 2010.[7]
Applications and downloads On 17 March 2009, there were about 2,300 applications available for download from the Android Market, according to T-Mobile chief technical officer Cole Brodman.[8] On May 10, 2011, during the Google I/O, Google announced that the Android market reached the 200,000 app milestone.[2]
The current Android Market on an Android phone
Date March 2009
Applications
Downloads to date
[8]
2,300
December 2009 20,000[9] [10] [11] 1 billion
August 2010
80,000
May 2011
200,000
[2]
3 billion
[12]
Comparisons to Apple App Store A report from analytics company Distimo in July 2010 said that the Android Market features the highest percentage of free apps, with over 57% being free to download, double the amount of Apple Inc.'s App Store, in which only 28% of apps are free. Other competitors, such as Nokia's Ovi Store and BlackBerry's App World had 26%, with Windows Marketplace only having 22%.[13] As of May, 2011 Google announced the Android Market had 200,000 apps, whereas the Apple App Store had 381,062. In terms of growth, the Android market added 28,000 new apps in April 2011, whereas Apple added 11,000 new apps. Distimo forecasted that the number of Android apps would surpass Apple apps before the end of July 2011, whereas Germany-based research2guidance forecasted Android apps to surpass Apple apps in August 2011 at 425,000 apps.[14]
Android Market
New features In December 2010, Google updated the Market to add content filtering to the market and reduce the purchase refund window from 24/48 hours to 15 minutes.[15] On February 2, 2011 Google presented a new web client providing access to the market via PC. Apps requested through the Market web page are downloaded and installed on the registered Android device.[16] In May 2011 Google added new app lists to the Market, including "Top Grossing" apps, "Top Developers", "Trending" apps, and "Editors Recommendations". Google's Eric Chu said the goal of this change was to "surface" as many apps as possible.[17]
Market application restrictions The Android Market application is not open source. Only Android devices that comply with Google's compatibility requirements are allowed to preinstall Google's closed-source Android Market app and access the Market, subject to entering into a licensing agreement with Google.[18] The Market filters the list of applications presented by the Market app to those that are compatible with the user's device, and developers may restrict their applications to particular carriers or countries for business reasons. [19] Carriers can also ban certain applications, for example tethering apps.[20]
Priced applications Application developers receive 70% of the application price, with the remaining 30% distributed among carriers and payment processors (Google does not take a percentage).[21] Revenue earned from the Android Market is paid to developers via Google Checkout merchant accounts, or via Google AdSense accounts in some countries.[22]
Availability for users As of May 2011 users in 131 countries can purchase paid applications from the Android Market.[23] Some carriers offer direct carrier billing for Android Market app purchases.[24] There is no requirement that Android applications be acquired from Android Market. Android applications may be obtained from any source including a developer's own website or from any of the 3rd party alternatives to Market which exist and can be installed on Android devices alongside Market.
Availability for developers Developers in 29 countries can sell applications on the Android Market.[25]
Banned applications On 31 March 2009, Google pulled all tethering applications from the Android Market.[26] Google later restored the applications for Android Market users, except those inside the T-Mobile USA network:[27] On Monday, several applications that enable tethering were removed from the Android Market catalog because they were in violation of T-Mobile's terms of service in the US. Based on Android's Developer Distribution Agreement (section 7.2), we remove applications from the Android Market catalog that violate the terms of service of a carrier or manufacturer. We inadvertently unpublished the applications for all carriers, and today we have corrected the problem so that all Android Market users outside the T-Mobile US network will now have access to the applications. We have notified the affected developers.[27] As of 20 May 2010, PDAnet, Easy Tether and Proxoid were all available in the U.S. market for T-mobile users.
23
Android Market On 5 April 2011, Google pulled the Grooveshark app from the Android Market due to unspecified policy violations.[28] However, the app is still available for direct download via Grooveshark's website, and does not require any special modifications to the Android device to run.[29] Sometime in the first quarter of 2011 the Android Market (at the request of the carrier) began blocking Easy Tether, and other tethering applications that do not require root access, for all Verizon Wireless Android phones. On May 27, 2011, Google banned SpoofApp, a Caller ID spoofing application typically used for prank calling, which had been available in the Android Market since December 18, 2008.[30] On May 29, 2011, Google banned the account of the developer of several game emulators, including Nesoid, Snesoid, and N64oid. Google did not specify a reason for the ban.[31]
Implementation details The applications themselves are self-contained Android Package files. The Android Market does not install applications itself, rather it asks the phone's PackageManagerService to install them. The package manager can be seen directly if the user tries to download an APK file direct to their phone. Applications can be installed to the phone's internal storage, and can also be installed to the owner's external storage card under certain conditions.[32]
Application security Android devices can run applications written by third-party developers and distributed through the Android Market or one of several other application stores. Once they have signed up, developers can make their applications available immediately, without a lengthy approval process. When an application is installed, the Android Market displays all required permissions. The user can then decide whether to install the application based on those permissions. The user may decide not to install an application whose permission requirements seem excessive or unnecessary. A game may need to enable vibration, for example, but should not need to read messages or access the phonebook. Possible app permissions include functionality like: • • • • •
Accessing the Internet Making phone calls Sending SMS messages Reading and writing to the installed memory card Accessing a user's address book data
Security software companies have been developing applications to help An example of app permissions in the Android ensure the security of Android devices. SMobile Systems, one such Market. manufacturer, claims that 20% of apps in the Android Market request permissions that could be used for malicious purposes, and 5% of apps [33] [34] [35] This is not a claim that the apps are actually can make phone calls without the user's intervention. malicious, but rather that the potential for malicious activity exists. In early March 2011, DroidDream, a trojan rootkit exploit, was released to the Android Market in the form of several free applications that were, in many cases, pirated versions of existing priced apps. This exploit allowed hackers to steal information such as IMEI and IMSI numbers, phone model, user ID, and service provider. The exploit also installed a backdoor that allowed the hackers to download more code to the infected device.[36] These apps were
24
Android Market downloaded more than 50,000 times before Google took action and removed them from the Market. The exploit only affected devices running versions of AndroidOS earlier than 2.3 "Gingerbread". In many cases, the only guaranteed method of removing the exploit from an infected device was to reset it to factory state, although community-developed solutions for blocking some aspects of the exploit were also created.[37] Google started remotely removing the malicious apps from infected devices on March 5, and also released its own app, the "Android Market Security Tool March 2011", which automatically removed the exploit. This app was automatically installed to all infected devices, and users with infected devices were notified via e-mail.[38]
References [1] "Android Market updated – 2.3.2 has new fonts for high-res displays" (http:/ / www. eurodroid. com/ 2011/ 02/ android-market-fonts-updated-for-high-res-displays/ ). Eurodroid. 18 February 2011. . [2] Barra, Hugo (10 May 2011). "Android: momentum, mobile and more at Google I/O" (http:/ / googleblog. blogspot. com/ 2011/ 05/ android-momentum-mobile-and-more-at. html). The Official Google Blog. . Retrieved 10 May 2011. [3] "Android Market Statistics" (http:/ / www. appbrain. com/ stats/ number-of-android-apps). AppBrain. 16 June 2011. . [4] "Android Market Statistics" (http:/ / www. androlib. com/ appstats. aspx). AndroLib. 12 July 2011. . [5] http:/ / market. android. com/ [6] "Android Market Update Support" (http:/ / android-developers. blogspot. com/ 2009/ 02/ android-market-update-support-for. html). . [7] "More Countries More Sellers More Buyers" (http:/ / android-developers. blogspot. com/ 2010/ 09/ more-countries-more-sellers-more-buyers. html). . [8] Stephen Lawson (17 March 2009). "Android Market Needs More Filters, T-Mobile Says" (http:/ / www. pcworld. com/ article/ 161410/ android_market_needs_more_filters_tmobile_says. html). PC World. . [9] "Android Market Going Strong, Now Has 20,000 Apps" (http:/ / www. maximumpc. com/ article/ news/ android_market_going_strong_now_has_20000_apps). Maximum PC. 15 December 2009. . Retrieved 15 December 2009. [10] Jerry Hildenbrand (9 September 2010). "Android Market has more than 80,000 apps, Android's Rubin says" (http:/ / www. androidcentral. com/ googles-andy-rubin-says-over-80k-apps-now-android-market). Android Central. . [11] "Android Market Hits 1 Billion Downloads & 100,000 apps" (http:/ / www. fonehome. co. uk/ 2010/ 07/ 16/ android-market-hits-1-billion-downloads-100000-apps/ ). 2009-07-15. . Retrieved 2009-07-15. [12] Leena Rao (14 April 2011). "Google: 3 Billion Android Apps Installed; Downloads Up 50 Percent From Last Quarter" (http:/ / techcrunch. com/ 2011/ 04/ 14/ google-3-billion-android-apps-installed-up-50-percent-from-last-quarter/ ). Techcrunch. . Retrieved 13 May 2011. [13] "Google Android has double the number of free apps than Apple's App Store" (http:/ / techcrunch. com/ 2010/ 07/ 05/ distimo-june-2010/ ). Distimo. 15 July 2009. . Retrieved 15 July 2009. [14] Robin Wauters (5 May 2011). "Android To Surpass Apple’s App Store In Size By August 2011" (http:/ / techcrunch. com/ 2011/ 05/ 05/ android-to-surpass-apples-app-store-in-size-in-august-2011-report-exclusive/ ). TechCrunch. . [15] "Big changes in store for Android Market" (http:/ / www. zdnet. com/ blog/ burnette/ big-changes-in-store-for-android-market/ 2151). ZDNet. 2010-12-11. . Retrieved 2010-12-12. [16] Android Market gets a web store with OTA installations, in-app purchases coming soon (http:/ / www. engadget. com/ 2011/ 02/ 02/ android-market-gets-a-web-store/ ) on engadget.com [17] Mark Hachman (11 May 2011). "Google Revamps Android Market to Give App Recommendations" (http:/ / news. yahoo. com/ s/ zd/ 20110511/ tc_zd/ 264342). PC Magazine. . Retrieved 17 May 2011. [18] "Android Compatibility" (http:/ / source. android. com/ compatibility/ index. html). Android Open Source Project. . Retrieved 31 December 2010. [19] "Android Compatibility" (http:/ / developer. android. com/ guide/ practices/ compatibility. html). Android Developers. . Retrieved 31 December 2010. [20] Terrence O'Brien (2 May 2011). "Carriers crack down on Android tethering apps, rain on our mobile hotspot parade" (http:/ / www. engadget. com/ 2011/ 05/ 02/ carriers-crack-down-on-android-tethering-apps-rain-on-our-mobil/ ). Engadget. . Retrieved 15 May 2011. [21] Eric Chu (22 October 2008). "Android Developers Blog: Android Market: Now available for users" (http:/ / android-developers. blogspot. com/ 2008/ 10/ android-market-now-available-for-users. html). Android Developers Blog. . Retrieved 17 May 2011. [22] "Processing orders and receiving payouts" (https:/ / www. google. com/ support/ androidmarket/ developer/ bin/ answer. py?hl=en& answer=137997). Android Market for Developer Help. . Retrieved 17 May 2011. [23] "Paid App Availability" (http:/ / www. google. com/ support/ androidmarket/ bin/ answer. py?hl=en& answer=143779). Android Market Help. . [24] Eric Chu (13 April 2011). "Android Developers Blog: New Carrier Billing Options on Android Market" (http:/ / android-developers. blogspot. com/ 2011/ 04/ new-carrier-billing-options-on-android. html). android-developers.blogspot.com. . Retrieved 15 May 2011. [25] "Supported locations for merchants" (http:/ / www. google. com/ support/ androidmarket/ bin/ answer. py?hl=en& answer=150324). Android Market Help. . [26] "Banned from the Market... ok." (http:/ / www. falsedichotomies. org/ node/ 73). False Dichotomies. . Retrieved 2010-05-26.
25
Android Market [27] Krazit, Tom (2009-04-02). "Google restores tethering app for Android users outside U.S. | Wireless - CNET News" (http:/ / news. cnet. com/ 8301-1035_3-10210515-94. html). News.cnet.com. . Retrieved 2010-05-26. [28] "Google boots Grooveshark from Android Market" (http:/ / news. cnet. com/ 8301-31001_3-20051156-261. html). CNET. 2011-04-06. . Retrieved 2011-04-26. [29] "Grooveshark Mobile Music: Android" (http:/ / mobile. grooveshark. com/ phones/ android). Grooveshark. . Retrieved 2011-04-26. [30] SpoofApp Banned From Android Market (http:/ / www. spoofcard. com/ blog/ 2011/ 07/ 11/ spoofapp-banned-from-the-android-market/ ), Google bans SpoofApp. [31] "Google Pulls Yongzh's Emulator Apps Off Android Market" (http:/ / www. pcmag. com/ article2/ 0,2817,2386126,00. asp). PC Magazine. 2011-05-29. . Retrieved 2011-05-29. [32] "App Install Location | Android Developers" (http:/ / developer. android. com/ guide/ appendix/ install-location. html). Developer.android.com. 2011-03-15. . Retrieved 2011-03-22. [33] "SMobile Systems Analysis of Android App Store Reveals Massive Potential for Malware and Viruses" (http:/ / www. prnewswire. com/ news-releases/ smobile-systems-analysis-of-android-app-store-reveals-massive-potential-for-malware-and-viruses-96896999. html). prnewswire.com. 2009-06-22. . Retrieved 2010-06-27. [34] "Threat Analysis of the Android Market" (http:/ / threatcenter. smobilesystems. com/ wp-content/ uploads/ 2010/ 06/ Android-Market-Threat-Analysis-6-22-10-v1. pdf). smobilesystems.com. 2009-06-22. . Retrieved 2010-06-27. [35] "20 % des applications de l'Android Market demandent l'accès à des données personnelles" (http:/ / www. lemonde. fr/ technologies/ article/ 2010/ 06/ 23/ 20-des-applications-de-l-android-market-demandent-l-acces-a-des-donnees-personnelles_1377745_651865. html). Le Monde. 2009-06-23. . Retrieved 2010-06-27. [36] "The Mother Of All Android Malware Has Arrived: Stolen Apps Released To The Market That Root Your Phone, Steal Your Data, And Open Backdoor | Android News, Reviews, Apps, Games, Phones, Tablets, Tips, Mods, Videos, Tutorials" (http:/ / www. androidpolice. com/ 2011/ 03/ 01/ the-mother-of-all-android-malware-has-arrived-stolen-apps-released-to-the-market-that-root-your-phone-steal-your-data-and-open-backdoor/ ). Android Police. . Retrieved 2011-03-22. [37] "[Update: Plug The Hole Yourself] Malware Monster: DroidDream Is An Android Nightmare, And We’ve Got More Details | Android News, Reviews, Apps, Games, Phones, Tablets, Tips, Mods, Videos, Tutorials" (http:/ / www. androidpolice. com/ 2011/ 03/ 02/ update-on-the-malware-monster-droiddream-is-an-android-nightmare-and-weve-got-more-details/ ). Android Police. . Retrieved 2011-03-22. [38] "An Update on Android Market Security - Official Google Mobile Blog" (http:/ / googlemobile. blogspot. com/ 2011/ 03/ update-on-android-market-security. html). Googlemobile.blogspot.com. 2011-03-05. . Retrieved 2011-03-22.
External links • Android Market (http://www.android.com/market/)
26
Android software development
Android software development Android software development is the process by which new applications are created for the Android operating system. Applications are usually developed in the Java programming language using the Android Software Development Kit, but other development tools are available. As of April 2011 more than 200,000 applications have been developed for Android, with over 3 billion downloads.[1] [2] . The Android platform has also grown to become a favorite among mobile developers. A June 2011 research indicated that over 67% of developers used the platform, at the time of publication. [3]
Software development tools Android SDK The Android software development kit (SDK) includes a comprehensive set of development tools.[4] These include a debugger, libraries, a handset emulator (based on QEMU), documentation, sample code, and tutorials. Currently supported development platforms include computers running Linux (any modern desktop Linux distribution), Mac OS X 10.4.9 or later, Windows XP or later. The officially supported integrated development environment (IDE) is Eclipse (currently 3.5 or 3.6) using the Android Development Tools (ADT) Plugin, though developers may use any text editor to edit Java and XML files then use command line tools (Java Development Kit and Apache Ant are required) to create, build and debug Android applications as well as control attached Android devices (e.g., triggering a reboot, installing software package(s) remotely).[5] Enhancements to Android's SDK go hand in hand with the overall Android platform development. The SDK also supports older versions of the Android platform in case developers wish to target their applications at older devices. Development tools are downloadable components, so after one has downloaded the latest version and platform, older platforms and tools can also be downloaded for compatibility testing.[6] Android applications are packaged in .apk format and stored under /data/app folder on the Android OS (the folder is accessible only to root user for security reasons). APK package contains .dex files[7] (compiled byte code files called Dalvik executables), resource files, etc.
Native Development Kit Libraries written in C and other languages can be compiled to ARM native code and installed using the Android Native Development Kit. Native classes can be called from Java code running under the Dalvik VM using the System.loadLibrary call, which is part of the standard Android Java classes.[8] [9] Complete applications can be compiled and installed using traditional development tools.[10] The ADB debugger gives a root shell under the Android Emulator which allows native ARM code to be uploaded and executed. ARM [10] Running native code is complicated by the fact that Android code can be compiled using GCC on a standard PC. uses a non-standard C library (libc, known as Bionic). The underlying graphics device is available as a framebuffer at /dev/graphics/fb0.[11] The graphics library that Android uses to arbitrate and control access to this device is called the Skia Graphics Library (SGL), and it has been released under an open source license.[12] Skia has backends for both win32 and Unix, allowing the development of cross-platform applications, and it is the graphics engine underlying the Google Chrome web browser.[13]
27
Android software development
App Inventor for Android On 12 July 2010 Google announced the availability of App Inventor for Android, a Web-based visual development environment for novice programmers, based on MIT's Open Blocks Java library and providing access to Android devices' GPS, accelerometer and orientation data, phone functions, text messaging, speech-to-text conversion, contact data, persistent storage, and Web services, initially including Amazon and Twitter.[14] "We could only have done this because Android’s architecture is so open," said the project director, MIT's Hal Abelson.[15] Under development for over a year,[16] the block-editing tool has been taught to non-majors in computer science at Harvard, MIT, Wellesley, and the University of San Francisco, where Professor David Wolber developed an introductory computer science course and tutorial book for non-computer science students based on App Inventor for Android.[17]
[18]
The Simple project The goal of Simple is to bring an easy to learn and use language to the Android platform.[19] Simple is a BASIC dialect for developing Android applications. It targets professional and non-professional programmers alike in that it allows programmers to quickly write Android applications that utilise the Android runtime components. Similar to Microsoft Visual Basic 6, Simple programs are form definitions (which contain components) and code (which contains the program logic). The interaction between the components and the program logic happens through events triggered by the components. The program logic consists of event handlers which contain code reacting to the events. The Simple project is not very active. The last source code update was at August 2009. A similar commercial product named Basic4android is available.[20] It is inspired from Microsoft Visual Basic 6 and Microsoft Visual Studio. Basic4android is very active and there is a strong online community of Basic4android developers.
Android Developer Challenge The Android Developer Challenge was a competition for the most innovative application for Android. Google offered prizes totaling 10 million US dollars, distributed between ADC I and ADC II. ADC I accepted submissions from 2 January to 14 April 2008. The 50 most promising entries, announced on 12 May 2008, each received a $25,000 award to further development.[21] [22] It ended in early September with the announcement of ten teams that [23] [24] received $275,000 each, and ten teams that received $100,000 each. ADC II was announced on 27 May 2009. [25] The first round of the ADC II closed on 6 October 2009. The first-round winners of ADC II comprising the top 200 applications were announced on 5 November 2009. Voting for the second round also opened on the same day and ended on November 25. Google announced the top winners of ADC II on November 30, with SweetDreams, What the Doodle!? and WaveSecure being nominated the overall winners of the challenge.[26] [27]
Community-based firmware There is a community of open-source enthusiasts that build and share Android-based firmware with a number of customizations and additional features, such as FLAC lossless audio support and the ability to store downloaded applications on the microSD card.[28] This usually involves rooting the device. Rooting allows users root access to the operating system, enabling full control of the phone. In order to use custom firmwares the device's bootloader must be unlocked. Rooting alone does not allow the flashing of custom firmware. Modified firmwares allow users of older phones to use applications available only on newer releases.[29] Those firmware packages are updated frequently, incorporate elements of Android functionality that haven't yet been officially released within a carrier-sanctioned firmware, and tend to have fewer limitations. CyanogenMod and VillainROM are two examples of such firmware.
28
Android software development On 24 September 2009, Google issued a cease and desist letter[30] to the modder Cyanogen, citing issues with the re-distribution of Google's closed-source applications[31] within the custom firmware. Even though most of Android OS is open source, phones come packaged with closed-source Google applications for functionality such as the application store and GPS navigation. Google has asserted that these applications can only be provided through approved distribution channels by licensed distributors. Cyanogen has complied with Google's wishes and is continuing to distribute this mod without the proprietary software. He has provided a method to back up licensed Google applications during the mod's install process and restore them when it is complete.[32]
Java Standards Obstacles to development include the fact that Android does not use established Java standards, i.e. Java SE and ME. This prevents compatibility among Java applications written for those platforms and those for the Android platform. Android only reuses the Java language syntax, but does not provide the full-class libraries and APIs bundled with Java SE or ME.[33] However, there are multiple tools in the market from companies such as Myriad Group and UpOnTek that provide J2ME to Android conversion services.[34] [35] [36]
Fragmentation Developers have reported that it is difficult to maintain applications on multiple versions of Android, owing to compatibility issues between versions 1.5 and 1.6,[37] especially the different resolution ratios in use among various
Android phones.[38] Such problems were pointedly brought into focus as they were encountered during the ADC2 contest.[39] Further, the rapid growth in the number of Android-based phone models with differing hardware capabilities also makes it difficult to develop applications that work on all Android-based phones.[40] [41] [42] [43] As of August 2010, 83% of Android phones run the 2.x versions, and 17% still run the 1.5 and 1.6 versions[44]
History The early feedback on developing applications for the Android platform was mixed.[45] Issues cited include bugs, lack of documentation, inadequate QA infrastructure, and no public issue-tracking system. (Google announced an issue tracker on 18 January 2008.)[46] In December 2007, MergeLab mobile startup founder Adam MacBeth stated, "Functionality is not there, is poorly documented or just doesn't work... It's clearly not ready for prime time."[47] Despite this, Android-targeted applications began to appear the week after the platform was announced. The first [48] [49] The publicly available application was the Snake game. Android Dev Phone is a SIM-unlocked and hardware-unlocked device that is designed for advanced developers. While developers can use regular consumer devices purchased at retail to test and use their applications, some developers may choose not to use a retail device, preferring an unlocked or no-contract device. A preview release of the Android SDK was released on 12 Early Android device. November 2007. On 15 July 2008, the Android Developer Challenge Team accidentally sent an email to all entrants in the Android Developer Challenge announcing that a new release of the SDK was available in a "private" download area. The email was intended for winners of the first round of the Android Developer Challenge. The revelation that Google was supplying new SDK releases to some developers and not others (and keeping this arrangement private)
29
Android software development led to widely reported frustration within the Android developer community at the time.[50] On 18 August 2008 the Android 0.9 SDK beta was released. This release provided an updated and extended API, improved development tools and an updated design for the home screen. Detailed instructions for upgrading are available to those already working with an earlier release.[51] On 23 September 2008 the Android 1.0 SDK (Release 1) was released.[52] According to the release notes, it included "mainly bug fixes, although some smaller features were added." It also included several API changes from the 0.9 version. Multiple versions have been released since.[53]
References [1] "Android App Stats" (http:/ / www. androlib. com/ appstats. aspx). . Retrieved 31 December 2010. [2] Leena Rao (14 April 2011). "Google: 3 Billion Android Apps Installed; Downloads Up 50 Percent From Last Quarter" (http:/ / techcrunch. com/ 2011/ 04/ 14/ google-3-billion-android-apps-installed-up-50-percent-from-last-quarter/ ). Techcrunch. . Retrieved 13 May 2011. [3] "Developer Economics 2011" (http:/ / www. visionmobile. com/ blog/ 2011/ 06/ developer-economics-2011-winners-and-losers-in-the-platform-race/ ). . [4] "Tools Overview" (http:/ / developer. android. com/ guide/ developing/ tools/ index. html). Android Developers. 21 July 2009. . [5] Westfall, Jon (25 August 2009). "Backup & Restore Android Apps Using ADB" (http:/ / jonwestfall. com/ 2009/ 08/ backup-restore-android-apps-using-adb/ ). JonWestfall.com. . Retrieved 2009-12-07. [6] "SDK Tools" (http:/ / developer. android. com/ sdk/ tools-notes. html). . [7] "Android SDK Glossary" (http:/ / developer. android. com/ guide/ appendix/ glossary. html). . [8] Srinivas, Davanum (2007-12-09). "Android— Invoke JNI based methods (Bridging C/C++ and Java)" (http:/ / davanum. wordpress. com/ 2007/ 12/ 09/ android-invoke-jni-based-methods-bridging-cc-and-java/ ). . Retrieved 2008-12-13. [9] "java.lang.System" (http:/ / developer. android. com/ reference/ java/ lang/ System. html). Android Developers. . Retrieved 2009-09-03. [10] Leslie, Ben (13 November 2007). "Native C application for Android" (http:/ / benno. id. au/ blog/ 2007/ 11/ 13/ android-native-apps). Benno's blog. . Retrieved 2009-09-04. [11] Cooksey, Tom (2007-11-07). "Native C *GRAPHICAL* applications now working on Android emulator" (http:/ / groups. google. com/ group/ android-developers/ msg/ ace258af92fff692?dmode=source& pli=1). android-developers mailing list. . Retrieved 2008-12-13. [12] "Skia source" (http:/ / src. chromium. org/ viewvc/ chrome/ trunk/ src/ skia/ ). . [13] Toker, Alp (2008-09-06). "Skia graphics library in Chrome: First impressions" (http:/ / www. atoker. com/ blog/ 2008/ 09/ 06/ skia-graphics-library-in-chrome-first-impressions/ ). . Retrieved 2008-12-13. [14] Claburn, Thomas (2010-07-12). "Google App Inventor Simplifies Android Programming" (http:/ / www. informationweek. com/ news/ smb/ mobile/ showArticle. jhtml?articleID=225702880& subSection=News). Information Week. . Retrieved 2010-07-12. [15] Lohr, Steve (2010-07-11). "Google’s Do-It-Yourself App Creation Software" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2010/ 07/ 12/ technology/ 12google. html?src=busln). New York Times. . Retrieved 2010-07-12. [16] Abelson, Hal (2009-07-31). "App Inventor for Android" (http:/ / googleresearch. blogspot. com/ 2009/ 07/ app-inventor-for-android. html). Google Research Blog. . Retrieved 2010-07-12. [17] Kim, Ryan (2009-12-11). "Google brings app-making to the masses" (http:/ / articles. sfgate. com/ 2009-12-11/ business/ 17220628_1_computer-science-smart-phone-android). San Francisco Chronicle. . Retrieved 2010-07-12. [18] Wolber, David. "AppInventor.org" (http:/ / www. appinventor. org/ ). . Retrieved 2010-07-12. [19] "Android Simple" (http:/ / code. google. com/ p/ simple/ ). . [20] "Basic4android" (http:/ / www. basic4ppc. com). . [21] Chen, Jason (12 May 2008). "The Top 50 Applications" (http:/ / android-developers. blogspot. com/ 2008/ 05/ top-50-applications. html). Android Developers Blog. . Retrieved 2009-09-04. [22] Brown, Eric (13 May 2008). "Android Developer Challenge announces first-round winners" (http:/ / www. linuxdevices. com/ news/ NS3168326017. html). Linux for Devices. . [23] "ADC I Top 50 Gallery" (http:/ / code. google. com/ android/ adc/ adc_gallery/ ). Android Developer Challenge. . Retrieved 2009-05-19. [24] "Android Developer Challenge" (http:/ / code. google. com/ android/ adc/ ). Google Code. . Retrieved 2008-01-11. [25] Chu, Eric (6 October 2009). "ADC 2 Round 1 Scoring Complete" (http:/ / android-developers. blogspot. com/ 2009/ 10/ adc-2-round-1-scoring-complete. html). Android Developers Blog. . Retrieved 2009-11-03. [26] "ADC 2 Overall Winners" (http:/ / code. google. com/ android/ adc/ gallery_winners. html). Android Developer Challenge. Google. . Retrieved 2010-12-05. [27] Kharif, Olga (30 November 2009). "Android Developer Challenge 2 Winners Announced" (http:/ / www. businessweek. com/ the_thread/ techbeat/ archives/ 2009/ 11/ android_develop_2. html). BusinessWeek. . Retrieved 2010-12-05. [28] "Dream android development" (http:/ / forum. xda-developers. com/ forumdisplay. php?f=448). xda-developers forum. . Retrieved 2009-09-11. [29] "Android 2.1 from Motorola Droid Ported to G1" (http:/ / voltmobileandtech. com/ blog/ ). Volt Mobile. March 10, 2010. .
30
Android software development [30] Wimberly, Taylor (24 September 2009). "CyanogenMod in trouble?" (http:/ / androidandme. com/ 2009/ 09/ hacks/ cyanogenmod-in-trouble/ ). Android and me. . Retrieved 2009-09-26. [31] Morrill, Dan (25 September 2009). "A Note on Google Apps for Android" (http:/ / android-developers. blogspot. com/ 2009/ 09/ note-on-google-apps-for-android. html). Android Developers Blog. . Retrieved 2009-09-26. [32] "The current state..." (http:/ / www. cyanogenmod. com/ home/ the-current-state). CyanogenMod Android Rom. 27 September 2009. . Retrieved 2009-09-27. [33] van Gurp, Jilles (13 November 2007). "Google Android: Initial Impressions and Criticism" (http:/ / www. javalobby. org/ nl/ archive/ jlnews_20071113o. html). Javalobby. . Retrieved 2009-03-07. "Frankly, I don't understand why Google intends to ignore the vast amount of existing implementation out there. It seems like a bad case of "not invented here" to me. Ultimately, this will slow adoption. There are already too many Java platforms for the mobile world and this is yet another one" [34] "Myriad's New J2Android Converter Fuels Android Applications Gold Rush" (http:/ / www. myriadgroup. com/ Media-Centre/ News/ Myriad-New-J2Android-Converter-Fuels-Android-Applications-Gold-Rush. aspx). 19 March 2010. . [35] "J2Android hopes you don't know that Android is Java-based" (http:/ / www. javaworld. com/ community/ node/ 4170). 23 March 2010. . "On the other hand, you might think this is kind of a scam aimed at developers who don't really understand the nature of the platform they're targeting. My biggest complaint is that you'd think that Mikael Ricknäs, the IDG News Service reporter who wrote the first story linked to above (who toils for the same company that publishes JavaWorld), would have at least mentioned the relationship between Java and Android to make the oddness of this announcement clear." [36] "Myriad CTO: J2Android moves MIDlets to "beautiful" Android framework" (http:/ / www. javaworld. com/ community/ ?q=node/ 4210). 31 March 2010. . "We will have to wait and see exactly how much pickup J2Android actually sees. The tool isn't actually available on the open market just yet; while Schillings spoke optimistically about "converting 1,000 MIDlets in an afternoon," at the moment they're working with a few providers to transform their back catalogs. So those of you out there hoping to avoid learning how to write Android code may have to wait a while." [37] "Android's Weakest Link" (http:/ / blogs. zdnet. com/ Greenfield/ ?p=481). ZDNet. 2009-10-11. . Retrieved 2010-01-15. [38] "Complications looming for Android developers" (http:/ / androidandme. com/ 2009/ 11/ news/ complications-looming-for-android-developers/ ). androidandme.com. 2009-11-06. . Retrieved 2010-01-15. [39] "A Chink In Android's Armor" (http:/ / www. techcrunch. com/ 2009/ 10/ 11/ a-chink-in-androids-armor/ ). TechCrunch. 2009-10-11. . Retrieved 2009-10-11. "And now they're faced with a landslide of new handsets, some running v.1.6 and some courageous souls even running android v.2.0. All those manufacturers/carriers are racing to release their phones by the 2009 holiday season, and want to ensure the hot applications will work on their phones. And here's the problem– in almost every case, we hear, there are bugs and more serious problems with the apps.[...]First of all, the compatibility between versions issue may be overblown. The reported problems have been limited to an Android developer contest[...]We haven’t heard of any major app developers complaining of backwards or forward compatibility problems. Also, I’ve now upgraded my phone from 1.5 to 1.6, and every application continues to work fine." [40] "Android’s Rapid Growth Has Some Developers Worried" (http:/ / www. wired. com/ gadgetlab/ 2009/ 11/ android-fragmentation/ ). Wired News. 2009-11-16. . Retrieved 2010-02-26. "fa*gan’s concerns about the fragmentation of Android is being echoed by other developers, says Sean Galligan, vice president of business development at Flurry, an mobile app analytics company(...)"You may build an app that works perfectly with all three firmwares, but then when you run it on carriers’ ROMs it completely blows up," says fa*gan. "So we find ourselves having to create apps that are compatible with multiple firmwares, multiple ROMs and multiple devices with different hardware." [41] "Android just reproducing Java ME's problems, now" (http:/ / www. javaworld. com/ community/ node/ 3704). JavaWorld. 2009-11-17. . Retrieved 2010-02-26. [42] "Android's Spread Could Become a Problem" (http:/ / www. businessweek. com/ technology/ content/ oct2009/ tc20091015_626136. htm). BusinessWeek. 2009-10-15. . Retrieved 2010-02-28. [43] "Google Android's self-destruction derby begins" (http:/ / infoworld. com/ d/ mobilize/ google-androids-self-destruction-derby-begins-863). InfoWorld. 2010-02-22. . Retrieved 2010-02-28. [44] "Platform Versions" (http:/ / developer. android. com/ resources/ dashboard/ platform-versions. html). developer.android.com. 2010-05-03. . Retrieved 2010-08-07. [45] Paul, Ryan (2007-12-19). "Developing apps for Google Android: it's a mixed bag" (http:/ / arstechnica. com/ news. ars/ post/ 20071219-google-android-plagued-by-dysfunctional-development-process. html). Ars Technica. . Retrieved 2007-12-19. [46] Morrill, Dan (18 January 2008). "You can't rush perfection, but now you can file bugs against it" (http:/ / android-developers. blogspot. com/ 2008/ 01/ you-cant-rush-perfection-but-now-you. html). Android Developers Blog. . Retrieved 2009-09-03. [47] Morrison, Scott (2007-12-19). "Glitches Bug Google's Android Software" (http:/ / online. wsj. com/ article_email/ SB119800856883537515-lMyQjAxMDE3OTE4ODAxMDg4Wj. html). The Wall Street Journal. . Retrieved 2007-12-19. [48] "Snake" (http:/ / www. android-freeware. org/ download/ snake). Android Freeware Directory. . Retrieved 2008-01-26. [49] "First Android Application— Snake" (http:/ / www. mobiles2day. com/ 2007/ 11/ 14/ first-android-application-snake/ ). Mobiles2day. 2007-11-14. . Retrieved 2008-01-07. [50] Metz, Cade (14 July 2008). "Google plays Hide and Seek with Android SDK" (http:/ / www. theregister. co. uk/ 2008/ 07/ 14/ android_developer_unrest/ ). The Register. . Retrieved 2008-10-23. [51] "Android— An Open Handset Alliance Project: Upgrading the SDK" (http:/ / code. google. com/ android/ intro/ upgrading. html). . Retrieved 2008-10-24. [52] "Other SDK Releases" (http:/ / developer. android. com/ sdk/ older_releases. html). Android Developers. . Retrieved 2009-09-02.
31
Android software development [53] "SDK Archives" (http:/ / developer. android. com/ sdk/ older_releases. html). .
Bibliography • Ed, Burnette (13 July 2010). Hello, Android: Introducing Google's Mobile Development Platform (http:// pragprog.com/titles/eband3/hello-android) (3rd ed.). Pragmatic Bookshelf. ISBN1934356562. • Ableson, Frank; Sen, Robi; King, Chris (January 2011). Android in Action, Second Edition (2nd ed.). Manning. ISBN9781935182726. • Conder, Shane; Darcey, Lauren (September 7, 2009). Android Wireless Application Development (http://www. informit.com/store/product.aspx?isbn=0321627091) (1st ed.). Addison-Wesley Professional. ISBN0321627091. • Murphy, Mark (June 26, 2009). Beginning Android (http://www.apress.com/9781430224198) (1st ed.). Apress. ISBN1430224193. • Meier, Reto (March 2010). Professional Android 2 Application Development (http://www.wrox.com/ WileyCDA/WroxTitle/Professional-Android-Application-Development.productCd-0470565527.html) (1st ed.). Wrox Press. ISBN9780470565520. • Haseman, Chris (July 21, 2008). Android Essentials (http://www.apress.com/9781430210641) (1st ed.). Apress. ISBN1430210648.
External links • • • •
Android Developers (http://developer.android.com/) Android Developers Blog (http://android-developers.blogspot.com/) Google Projects for Android (http://code.google.com/android) from Google Code Diagram of Android internals (http://www.makelinux.net/android/internals/)
32
Android version history
33
Android version history The version history of the Android operating system began with the release of version 1.0 in September 2008. Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google and the Open Handset Alliance. Android has seen a number of updates since its original release. These updates to the base operating system typically fix bugs and add new features. Generally, each version is developed under a code name based on a dessert item. The code names are in alphabetical order (Cupcake, Donut, Eclair, Froyo, Gingerbread, Honeycomb, and the future version, Ice Cream Sandwich).
Beta Released 5 November 2007[1] Conference Call transcript Released 12 November 2007[3]
[2]
SDK
1.0 Released 23 September 2008.[4] The first Android device, the HTC Dream (G1),[5] had these Android 1.0 features: • Android Market application download and updates through the Market app • Web browser to show, zoom and pan full HTML and XHTML web pages – multiple pages show as windows ("cards")Video [6] [7] [8] • Camera support, but no way to change resolution, white balance, quality, etc.[9] • Folders allow the grouping of a number of app icons into a single folder icon on the Home screen.[10]
HTC Dream (G1) introduced Android 1.0
• Email provides access to email servers commonly found on the Internet and supports POP3, IMAP4, and SMTP.[8] • • • • • • • • • •
Gmail synchronization with the Gmail app Google Contacts synchronization with the People app Google Calendar synchronization with the Calendar app Google Maps with Latitude and Street View to view maps and satellite imagery, as well as find local business and get driving directions using GPS[9] Google Sync allows management of over-the-air synchronization of Gmail, People, and Calendar Google Search of the internet and phone apps, contacts, calendar, etc Google Talk instant messaging Instant messaging, text messaging, and MMS Media Player enables managing, importing, and playing back but lacked video and stereo Bluetooth support[8] [9] Notifications appear in the Status bar – drag down to see details, also ringtone, LEDs and vibration options.[7] [8] [11]
• Voice Dialer allows dialing and placing of phone calls without typing a name or number[8] • Wallpaper allows the user to set the background image or photo behind the Home screen icons and widgets.
Android version history
34
• YouTube video player[12] • Other apps include: Alarm Clock, Calculator, Dialer (Phone), Home screen (launcher), Pictures (Gallery), and Settings. • Other supported features include: WiFi, and Bluetooth.
1.1 On 9 February 2009, Android 1.1 update for Android was released for T-Mobile G1 only. Included in the update were resolved issues, API changes and:[13] • • • •
Maps: Adds details and reviews when a user does a search on Maps and clicks on a business to view its details. Dialer: In-call screen timeout default is now longer when using the speakerphone, Show/Hide Dialpad Messaging: Saving attachments System: Adds support for marquee in layouts.
1.5 Cupcake Based on Linux kernel 2.6.27. On 30 April 2009, the official 1.5 (Cupcake) update for Android was released.[14] [15] There were several new features and UI updates included in the 1.5 update:[16] • Virtual keyboard: Support for 3rd party keyboards with text prediction & user dictionary for custom words • Widgets: Are miniature application views that can be embedded in other applications (such as the Home screen) and receive periodic updates[17] • Camera: Video recording • Gallery: Video playback (MPEG-4 & 3GP formats) • Bluetooth: Stereo support added (A2DP and AVRCP profiles), Auto-pairing • Browser: Copy and paste features added • Contacts: Shows user picture for Favorites • Dialer: Specific date/time stamp for events in call log and one-touch access to a contact card from call log event • System: Animated screen transitions • Upload videos to YouTube • Upload photos on Picasa
The Android Emulator default home screen (v1.5).
Android version history
1.6 Donut Based on Linux kernel 2.6.29[18] On 15 September 2009, the 1.6 (Donut) SDK was released.[19] [20] Included in the update were:[18] • Search: Voice Search & text entry search enhanced to include bookmarks & history, contacts, the web, and more • Search: Developers can now include their content in search results • Text to speech: Features a multi-lingual speech synthesis engine to allow any Android application to "speak" a string of text • Android Market: Allows easier searching, app screenshots, etc. • Camera, camcorder, and Gallery: Updated integrated with faster camera access • Gallery: Now enables users to select multiple photos for deletion • System: Updated technology support for CDMA/EVDO, 802.1x, VPNs, and a text-to-speech engine • Display: Support for WVGA screen resolutions • Speed improvements in searching and camera applications • Expanded Gesture framework and new GestureBuilder development tool • Google free turn-by-turn navigation
2.0 / 2.1 Eclair Based on Linux kernel 2.6.29[21] On 26 October 2009, the 2.0 (Eclair) SDK was released.[22] Changes included:[23] • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Sync: Expanded Account sync. Multiple accounts can be added to a device for email and contact synchronization Email: Exchange support, Combined inbox to browse email from multiple accounts in one page. Bluetooth: 2.1 support Contacts: Tap a contact photo and select to call, SMS, or email the person. Messaging: Search all saved SMS and MMS messages. Auto delete oldest messages in a conversation when a defined limit is reached. Camera: Flash support, Digital zoom, Scene mode, White balance, Color effect, Macro focus Virtual keyboard: Improved typing speed, smarter dictionary learns from word usage and includes contact names as suggestions. Browser: Refreshed UI, Bookmark thumbnails, Double-tap zoom, Support for HTML5 Calendar: Agenda view enhanced, Attending status for each invitee, Invite new guests to events. System: Optimized hardware speed, Revamped UI Display: Support for more screen sizes and resolutions, Better contrast ratio Maps: Improved Google Maps 3.1.2 MotionEvent class enhanced to track multi-touch events[24] Live Wallpapers: Home screen background images can be animated to show movement
The 2.0.1 SDK was released on 3 December 2009.[25] The 2.1 SDK was released on 12 January 2010.[26]
35
Android version history
2.2 Froyo 2.2.2 latest release.[27] Based on Linux kernel 2.6.32.[28] On 20 May 2010, the 2.2 (Froyo) SDK was released.[27] Changes included:[28] • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
System: Speed, memory, and performance optimizations[29] Additional application speed improvements courtesy of JIT implementation[30] Integration of Chrome's V8 JavaScript engine into the Browser application Improved Microsoft Exchange support (security policies, auto-discovery, GAL look-up, calendar synchronization, remote wipe) Improved application launcher with shortcuts to Phone and Browser applications USB tethering and Wi-Fi hotspot functionality Added an option to disable data access over mobile network Updated Market application with batch and automatic update features[29] Quick switching between multiple keyboard languages and their dictionaries Voice dialing and contact sharing over Bluetooth Support for numeric and alphanumeric passwords Support for file upload fields in the Browser application[31] Support for installing applications to the expandable memory Adobe Flash support[32]
• Support for extra high DPI screens (320 dpi), such as 4" 720p[33]
2.3 Gingerbread 2.3/2.3.3 On 6 December 2010, the 2.3 (Gingerbread) SDK was released.[34] Changes included:[35] • System: Updated user interface design for simplicity and speed • Display: Support for extra-large screen sizes and resolutions (WXGA and higher)[33] • Internet calling: Native support for SIP VoIP telephony • Virtual Keyboard: Faster, more intuitive text input, improved accuracy, better suggested text. Voice input mode • Copy/Paste: Enhanced. Select a word by press-hold, copy, and paste. • Near Field Communication lets the user read an NFC tag embedded in a poster, sticker, or advertisem*nt. • New audio effects such as reverb, equalization, headphone virtualization, and bass boost • System: Improved power management with a more active role in managing apps that are keeping the device awake for too long. • Download Manager gives the user easy access to any file downloaded from the browser, email, or another application. • Camera: Access multiple cameras on the device, including a Google Nexus S introduced 2.3 Gingerbread front-facing camera, if available. • Media: Support for WebM/VP8 video playback, and AAC audio encoding • System: Enhanced support for native code development
36
Android version history • • • •
Audio, graphical, and input enhancements for game developers Concurrent garbage collection for increased performance Native support for more sensors (such as gyroscopes and barometers) Switched from YAFFS to ext4 on newer devices[36] [37]
2.3.4 2.3.4 latest release.[34] Based on Linux kernel 2.6.35.[35] • Support for voice or video chat using Google Talk[38]
3.0 / 3.1 Honeycomb 3.0 3.01 latest release.[39] Based on Linux kernel 2.6.36.[40] On 22 February 2011, the 3.0 (Honeycomb) SDK was released for tablets.[41] This is a tablet-only release of Android.[42] The first device featuring this version, the Motorola Xoom tablet, was released on February 24, 2011.[43] Changes include:[40] • Optimized tablet support with a new virtual and “holographic” user interface • System Bar: Quick access to notifications, status, and soft navigation buttons available at the bottom of the screen. • Action Bar: Access to contextual options, navigation, widgets, or other types of content at the top of the screen. • Multitasking: Tap Recent Apps in the System Bar, to see snapshots of the tasks underway and quickly jump from one app to another. • Redesigned keyboard: To make entering text fast and accurate on larger screen sizes with greater accuracy and efficiency • Copy/Paste: Simplified, more intuitive. • Browser: Multiple tabs replace browser windows, form auto-fill, and a new “incognito” mode allows anonymous browsing. • Camera: Quick access to exposure, focus, flash, zoom, front-facing camera, time-lapse, and more. • Gallery: View albums and other collections in full-screen mode, with easy access to thumbnails for other photos. • Contacts: New two-pane UI and Fast Scroll to let users easily organize and locate contacts. • Email: New two-pane UI to make viewing and organizing messages more efficient. The app lets users select one or more messages. • Support for video chat using Google Talk • Hardware acceleration • Support for multi-core processors
3.1 • • • • • • •
UI refinements Connectivity for USB accessories Expanded Recent Apps list Resizeable Home screen widgets Support for external keyboards and pointing devices Support for joysticks and gamepads High-performance Wi-Fi lock maintains high-performance Wi-Fi connections when device screen is off
The 3.1 SDK was released on 10 May 2011.[44]
37
Android version history
38
Ice Cream Sandwich As officially announced during the 2011 Google I/O,[45] the upcoming version of Android is called Ice Cream Sandwich,[46] a combination of Gingerbread and Honeycomb into a "cohesive whole".[47] Google is targeting an official release in Q4 2011.[48] Android engineer Mike Claren called it the company’s “most ambitious release to date.” [49] Android 3.2 will be still considered part of Honeycomb and not part of Ice Cream Sandwich. It will be the last major android release prior to Ice Cream Sandwich.[50] Android's "Ice Cream Sandwich" logo
References [1] "Google Launches Android, an Open Mobile Platform" (http:/ / googlesystem. blogspot. com/ 2007/ 11/ google-launches-android-open-mobile. html). Google Blogspot. . [2] http:/ / gizmodo. com/ #!318561/ live-googles-gphone-open-handset-alliance-conference-call [3] "Google releases Android SDK" (http:/ / www. macworld. com/ article/ 61005/ 2007/ 11/ androidsdk. html). Macworld. . [4] Morrill, Dan (23 September 2008). "Announcing the Android 1.0 SDK, release 1" (http:/ / android-developers. blogspot. com/ 2008/ 09/ announcing-android-10-sdk-release-1. html). Android Developers Blog. . Retrieved 2011-01-12. [5] "T-Mobile Unveils the T-Mobile G1 – the First Phone Powered by Android" (http:/ / www. htc. com/ www/ press. aspx?id=66338& lang=1033). HTC. . Retrieved 2009-05-19. [6] http:/ / www. youtube. com/ watch?v=8lZkwaNx8_Y [7] "T-Mobile G1 review, part 2: software and wrap-up)" (http:/ / www. engadget. com/ 2008/ 10/ 16/ t-mobile-g1-review-part-2-software-and-wrap-up/ ). Engadget. . [8] "Release features – Android 1.0)" (https:/ / sites. google. com/ a/ android. com/ opensource/ release-features---android-1-0). Google. . [9] "T-Mobile G1 (Google Android Phone)" (http:/ / www. pcmag. com/ article2/ 0,2817,2331003,00. asp). PC Magazine. . [10] "Folders on the Android desktop, and how to rename them)" (http:/ / www. androidauthority. com/ folders-on-the-android-desktop-and-how-to-rename-them-466/ ). Android Authority. . [11] "Status Bar Notifications)" (http:/ / developer. android. com/ guide/ topics/ ui/ notifiers/ notifications. html). Google. . [12] "Android for Dummies" (http:/ / www. techpluto. com/ what-is-android/ ). TechPluto. September 18, 2008. . [13] "Android 1.1 Version Notes" (http:/ / developer. android. com/ sdk/ android-1. 1. html). Android Developers. February 2009. . Retrieved 2011-01-12. [14] Ducrohet, Xavier (27 April 2009). "Android 1.5 is here!" (http:/ / android-developers. blogspot. com/ 2009/ 04/ android-15-is-here. html). Android Developers Blog. . Retrieved 2009-09-03. [15] Rob, Jackson (30 April 2009). "CONFIRMED: Official Cupcake Update Underway for T-Mobile G1 USA & UK!" (http:/ / phandroid. com/ 2009/ 04/ 30/ official-cupcake-update-underway-for-t-mobile-g1-usa/ ). Android Phone Fans. . Retrieved 2009-09-03. [16] "Android 1.5 Platform Highlights" (http:/ / developer. android. com/ sdk/ android-1. 5-highlights. html). Android Developers. April 2009. . Retrieved 2009-09-03. [17] "App Widgets)" (http:/ / developer. android. com/ guide/ topics/ appwidgets/ index. html). Google. . [18] "Android 1.6 Platform Highlights" (http:/ / developer. android. com/ sdk/ android-1. 6-highlights. html). Android Developers. September 2009. . Retrieved 2009-10-01. [19] Ducrohet, Xavier (15 September 2009). "Android 1.6 SDK is here" (http:/ / android-developers. blogspot. com/ 2009/ 09/ android-16-sdk-is-here. html). Android Developers Blog. . Retrieved 2009-10-01. [20] Ryan, Paul (1 October 2009). "Google releases Android 1.6; Palm unleashes WebOS 1.2" (http:/ / arstechnica. com/ gadgets/ news/ 2009/ 10/ google-releases-android-16-palm-releases-webos-12. ars). Ars Technica. . Retrieved 2009-10-01. [21] "Android 2.1 / Eclair on Google Nexus One" (http:/ / www. google. com/ phone/ static/ en_US-nexusone_tech_specs. html). Android Developers. . Retrieved 2010-01-05. (Eclair) [22] "Android 2.0, Release 1" (http:/ / developer. android. com/ sdk/ android-2. 0. html). Android Developers. . Retrieved 2009-10-27. [23] "Android 2.0 Platform Highlights" (http:/ / developer. android. com/ sdk/ android-2. 0-highlights. html). Android Developers. . Retrieved 2009-10-27. [24] "Android 2.0 API Changes Summary" (http:/ / developer. android. com/ sdk/ android-2. 0. html#api-changes). . Retrieved 2010-03-06. [25] "Android 2.0.1, Release 1" (http:/ / developer. android. com/ sdk/ android-2. 0. 1. html). Android Developers. . Retrieved 2010-01-17. [26] "Android 2.1, Release 1" (http:/ / developer. android. com/ sdk/ android-2. 1. html). Android Developers. . Retrieved 2010-01-17.
Android version history [27] Ducrohet, Xavier (20 May 2010). "Android 2.2 and developers goodies" (http:/ / android-developers. blogspot. com/ 2010/ 05/ android-22-and-developers-goodies. html). Android Developers Blog. Google. . Retrieved 2010-05-20. [28] "Android 2.2 Platform Highlights" (http:/ / developer. android. com/ sdk/ android-2. 2-highlights. html). Android Developers. 20 May 2010. . Retrieved 2010-05-23. [29] "Unofficially Confirmed Froyo Features, Post-Day-1 Of Google I/O" (http:/ / www. androidpolice. com/ 2010/ 05/ 20/ exclusive-unofficially-confirmed-froyo-features-post-day-1-of-google-io-google-io-blitz-coverage-day-1/ ). Android Police. . Retrieved 2010-05-20. [30] "Nexus One Is Running Android 2.2 Froyo. How Fast Is It Compared To 2.1? Oh, Only About 450% Faster" (http:/ / www. androidpolice. com/ 2010/ 05/ 11/ exclusive-androidpolice-coms-nexus-one-is-running-android-2-2-froyo-how-fast-is-it-compared-to-2-1-oh-only-about-450-faster/ ). androidpolice. . Retrieved 2010-05-13. [31] "Browser support for file upload field is coming in Froyo" (http:/ / code. google. com/ p/ android/ issues/ detail?id=2519#c112). Google Code. . Retrieved 2010-05-13. [32] Stone, Brad (2010-04-27). "Google's Andy Rubin on Everything Android" (http:/ / bits. blogs. nytimes. com/ 2010/ 04/ 27/ googles-andy-rubin-on-everything-android/ ). NY Times. . Retrieved 2010-05-20. [33] Supporting Multiple Screens: Range of screens supported (http:/ / developer. android. com/ guide/ practices/ screens_support. html#range) [34] Ducrohet, Xavier (6 December 2010). "Android 2.3 Platform and Updated SDK Tools" (http:/ / android-developers. blogspot. com/ 2010/ 12/ android-23-platform-and-updated-sdk. html). Android Developers Blog. Google. . Retrieved 2010-12-07. [35] "Android 2.3 Platform Highlights" (http:/ / developer. android. com/ sdk/ android-2. 3-highlights. html). Android Developers. 6 December 2010. . Retrieved 2010-12-07. [36] Ts'o, Theodore (12 December 2010). "Android will be using ext4 starting with Gingerbread" (http:/ / www. linuxfoundation. org/ news-media/ blogs/ browse/ 2010/ 12/ android-will-be-using-ext4-starting-gingerbread). Theodore Tso's blog. . Retrieved 2011-06-11. [37] Tim Bray (19 December 2010). "Saving Data Safely" (http:/ / android-developers. blogspot. com/ 2010/ 12/ saving-data-safely. html). Android Developers Blog. . Retrieved 11 June 2011. [38] "Video Chat on Your Android Phone" (http:/ / googlemobile. blogspot. com/ 2011/ 04/ video-chat-on-your-android-phone. html). Google Mobile Blog. 28 April 2011. . [39] Rubin, Andy (5 January 2011). "A Sneak Peek of Android 3.0, Honeycomb" (http:/ / googlemobile. blogspot. com/ 2011/ 01/ sneak-peak-of-android-30-honeycomb. html). Google Mobile Blog. Google. . Retrieved 2011-01-05. [40] "Android 3.0 Platform Highlights" (http:/ / developer. android. com/ sdk/ android-3. 0-highlights. html). Android Developers. . Retrieved 23 Feb 2011. [41] Xavier Ducrohet (22 February 2011). "Final Android 3.0 Platform and Updated SDK Tools" (http:/ / android-developers. blogspot. com/ 2011/ 02/ final-android-30-platform-and-updated. html). Android Developers blog. . Retrieved 23 February 2011. [42] Mithun Chandrasekhar (2 February 2011). "Google's Android Event Analysis" (http:/ / www. anandtech. com/ show/ 4150/ googles-android-event-analysis/ 2). AnandTech. . Retrieved 5 February 2011. "I confirmed this with Google; Honeycomb, at least in the current form, will not be coming to non-tablet devices." [43] Nilay Patel (26 January 2011). "Motorola Atrix 4G and Xoom tablet launching at the end of February, Droid Bionic and LTE Xoom in Q2" (http:/ / www. engadget. com/ 2011/ 01/ 26/ motorola-atrix-4g-and-xoom-tablet-launching-at-the-end-of-februa/ ). Engadget. . Retrieved 5 February 2011. [44] Ducrohet, Xavier (10 May 2011). "Android 3.1 Platform, New SDK tools" (http:/ / android-developers. blogspot. com/ 2011/ 05/ android-31-platform-new-sdk-tools. html). Android Developers Blog. . Retrieved 10 May 2011. [45] Barra, Hugo (10 May 2011). "Android: momentum, mobile and more at Google I/O" (http:/ / googleblog. blogspot. com/ 2011/ 05/ android-momentum-mobile-and-more-at. html). The Official Google Blog. . Retrieved 10 May 2011. [46] Kincaid, Jason (12 January 2011). "The future version of Android isn't called Ice Cream. It’s Ice Cream Sandwich" (http:/ / techcrunch. com/ 2011/ 01/ 11/ android-ice-cream-sandwich/ ). Techcrunch. . [47] Patel, Nilay (15 February 2011). "Next version of Android will combine Gingerbread and HoneyComb, arrive on a 6 month cycle" (http:/ / www. engadget. com/ 2011/ 02/ 15/ next-version-of-android-will-combine-gingerbread-and-honeycomb/ ). Engadget. . [48] Savov, Vlad (10 May 2011). "Google announces Ice Cream Sandwich for Q4 2011, for smartphones and tablets alike" (http:/ / www. engadget. com/ 2011/ 05/ 10/ google-announces-ice-cream-sadwich-for-q4-2011-for-smartphones/ ). Engadget. . [49] "Android Ice Cream Sandwich vs HoneyComb" (http:/ / www. fonehome. co. uk/ 2011/ 05/ 17/ android-ice-cream-sandwich-vs-honeycomb/ ). 17 May 2011. . Retrieved 17 May 2011. [50] Murph, Darren. "Android 3.2 shipping this summer for 7-inchtablets,Huawei's MediaPad gets handled" (http:/ / www. engadget. com/ 2011/ 06/ 21/ android-3-2-shipping-this-summer-for-7-inch-tablets-huaweis-me/ ). Engadget. . Retrieved 24 June 2011.
39
Android x86
40
Android x86 Android x86
Android x86 OS family
Unix-like (variant of Android)
Working state
Active
Source model
Open source
Latest stable release 2.2 r2[1] / June 28, 2011 Kernel type
Android
License
Mainly the GNU GPL / others
Official website
http:/ / www. android-x86. org/
Android x86 is an Android port to the Intel x86 microprocessor family. As of July 2011, its latest release is 2.2.
References [1] Android x86 site (http:/ / www. android-x86. org/ )
APK (file format)
41
APK (file format) APK Filename extension .apk Internet media type application/vnd.android.package-archive Type of format
package management system, file archive
Container for
software package
Extended from
JAR
An .apk file extension denotes an Android Package (APK) file. This file format, a variant of the JAR format, is used for distributing and installing bundled components onto the Android operating system.[1] [2] [3] [4] An APK file is an archive that usually contains the following folders: • META-INF • CERT.RSA: ‘’The certificate of the application.‘’ • CERT.SF: ‘’Contains the list of resources and SHA1 digest‘’ Signature-Version: 1.0 Created-By: 1.0 (Android) SHA1-Digest-Manifest: wxqnEAI0UA5nO5QJ8CGMwjkGGWE= ... Name: res/layout/exchange_component_back_bottom.xml SHA1-Digest: eACjMjESj7Zkf0cBFTZ0nqWrt7w= ... Name: res/drawable-hdpi/icon.png SHA1-Digest: DGEqylP8W0n0iV/ZzBx3MW0WGCA= • MANIFEST.MF: • res and files: • AndroidManifest.xml • classes.dex • resources.arsc An .apk(Android Package) file can be opened and inspected using common archive tools such as 7-Zip, WinZip, WinRAR and Ark. The MIME media type for .apk is application/vnd.android.package-archive.[5]
APK (file format)
References [1] Google video that discusses APK (http:/ / sites. google. com/ site/ io/ inside-the-android-application-framework) [2] Instructions on installing APK files onto the developer Android emulator (http:/ / openhandsetmagazine. com/ 2008/ 01/ tips-how-to-install-apk-files-on-android-emulator/ ) [3] Structure of .apk files (http:/ / en. ophonesdn. com/ article/ show/ 354) [4] Diagram of .apk file (http:/ / forum. sdx-developers. com/ index. php?PHPSESSID=4qc4mp76g5bghvd97ol1lresd4;topic=3472. 0) [5] Developer description of MIME type for .apk (http:/ / androidguys. com/ ?p=2235)
42
Bionic
43
Bionic bionic Developer(s)
The Android Open Source Project
Operating system Android Type
C standard library
License
3-clause BSD licence
In computing, the Bionic libc is a derivation of BSD standard C library code. Originally developed by Google for the Android embedded system operating system. Bionic has several major Linux-specific features and development continues independent of other codebases. The publicly-stated[1] goals for Bionic are: 1. BSD license: Android uses a Linux kernel which is under the GNU General Public License (GPL), but Google wished to isolate Android applications from the effects of the GPL. GNU libc which is normally used with the Linux kernel is under the GNU LGPL, as is the alternative uClibc. 2. Small size: Bionic is much smaller than glibc and somewhat smaller than uclibc. 3. Speed: Bionic is designed for CPUs at relatively low clock frequencies. Bionic is lacking many features found in full libc implementations. The recommended way of directly using and extending Bionic is with the Android Native Development Kit.
References [1] "Patrick Brady dissects Android" http:/ / www. zdnet. com/ blog/ burnette/ patrick-brady-dissects-android/ 584
External links • Developer home page for Android (http://developer.android.com/) • Android Native Development Kit (NDK) home page (http://developer.android.com/sdk/ndk/) • Bionic notes on eLinux.org (http://elinux.org/Android_Notes#C_Library_.28bionic.29_info)
Comparison of Android devices
44
Comparison of Android devices Android is a software stack for mobile devices that includes an operating system, middleware and key applications.[1] This page seeks to list and compare hardware devices that are shipped with either Google's Android operating system or its OPhone derivative from China Mobile.
Officially released The shohware lists of devices that have been released with Google's Android operating system installed. Multiple names for the same device are entered in the same row where applicable.
Smartphones — For an explanation of the columns, see Template:Infobox mobile phone/doc and/or Template:Infobox information appliance/doc Maker
Name
Release
Android
date
version
Display
Inputs
Networks
Connectivity
CPU (MHz),
Capacities
Camera(s)
GPU, chipset
Specialfeatures, notes
(country) Acer Inc
beTouch E110
February
1.5
15, 2010
2.8in (71mm),
A-GPS
• • • •
portrait mode
Acer Inc
Acer Inc
Liquid A1 (S100)
Liquid E
December
1.6
3.5in (89mm),
7, 2009
480×800 WVGA,
(UK)
portrait mode
June 2010
•
240×320 QVGA,
2.1
A-GPS
• • • • •
3.5in (89mm),
GSM/GPRS/EDGE
Bluetooth 2.0 +
850/900/1800/1900
EDR
416
UMTS 850/1900 CSD HSDPA HSUPA GSM/GPRS/EDGE
Bluetooth 2.0 +
850/900/1800/1900
EDR, Wi-Fi 802.11g
UMTS 850/1900 CSD HSDPA HSUPA
768
480×800 WGA,
256 MB ROM ?
Snapdragon
[2]
portrait mode Acer Inc
Liquid E Ferrari
June 2010
2.1
• •
768 Snapdragon
3.5in (89mm), 480×800 WVGA,
Rear: 5Mpx
Customized version of
Front: none
Liquid E with Ferrari
portrait mode Acer Inc
visual styling
Acer Stream
August
2.1 with update
3.7inch (9.4cm)
capacitive
S110
2010
to 2.2
WVGA
touchscreen
•
1000 Snapdragon
Rear: 5Mpx with 720p
AMOLED
video recording
• Alcatel
OT-980
October
2.1
2010
(TCL Corporation)
2.8in (71mm)
resistive
7.1cm, 240×320
touch screen;
QVGA, portrait
slide out
mode
QWERTY
• •
MSM7227
Front: none Rear: 2Mpx Front: none
keyboard Bluelans Communication
Sciphone N19
November 2009
1.5
2.8in (71mm)
128 MB
7.1cm, 240×320
ROM,
QVGA, portrait
128MB
mode
RAM
•
Rear:
[3] [4] [5]
2Mpx
•
Front: none
HDMI output
Gyroscope
Comparison of Android devices Bluelans
SciPhone N21
Communication
November
1.6
2009
45 3.0in (76mm)
Marvell
256 MB
7.6cm, 240×400
PXA310 624
ROM, 128
• •
Rear: 5Mpx Front: none
[6] [5]
MB RAM
QVGA, portrait
Like the DSTL1, it is a rebranded Yuhua Tel X2
mode NEC Casio
G'zOne
April 28,
Mobile
Commando
2011 (US)
2.2
Communications
3.6in (91mm)
Virtual
Wi-Fi 802.11 b/g/n,
512 MB
Rear: 5 MP,
May be first Android
480×800 WVGA,
QWERTY
mobile hotspot
RAM
autofocus, LED
phone ruggedized to
LCD,
keyboard,
capable, Bluetooth
internal
flash, dedicated key
Multi-touchscreen
microphone
v2.1 +EDR
memory
800MHz
military standard MIL-STD-810G, 3.5mm stereo audio jack
Cherry Mobile
Magnum HD
October 11,
2.2
2010
4.1in (100mm)
A-GPS
•
10.4cm,
GSM/GPRS/EDGE
•
850/900/1800/1900
•
480×800 WVGA,
HSDPA
•
multi-touch
Wi-Fi
1000 Qualcomm
512MiB
(802.11b/g)
Snapdragon
RAM,
• •
Rear: 5Mpx
One of first Android
Front: ?
phones of Cherry Mobile,
Bluetooth 2.1
2GB
and of Philippines,
with A2DP
internal
3.5mm stereo audio jack
stereo and
memory
EDR
• Cherry Mobile
Nova
October 11,
2.1
2010
3.2in (81mm)
A-GPS
•
8.1cm, 320×480
GSM/GPRS/EDGE
•
850/900/1800/1900
•
HVGA,
850/1900/2100
•
Multi-touch
FM tuner Wi-Fi
600 Qualcomm
256MiB
(802.11b/g)
MSM7227
RAM,
• •
Rear: 5Mpx
One of first Android
Front: ?
phones of Cherry Mobile,
2GB ROM
Bluetooth 2.1
and of Philippines
with A2DP stereo and EDR
•
3.5mm stereo audio jack
Cherry Mobile
Cosmo
March 21,
2.2
2011
3.2in (81mm)
A-GPS
•
8.1cm, 320×480
GSM/GPRS/EDGE
•
900/1800
•
HVGA,
HSDPA 900/2100 3G
•
Multi-touch
Wi-Fi
600 Qualcomm
256 MB
(802.11b/g)
MSM7227
RAM.
Bluetooth 2.1
512MB
with A2DP
ROM
• •
Rear: 2Mpx Front: ?
stereo and EDR
•
3.5mm stereo audio jack
Cherry Mobile
Orbit
March 21,
2.2
2011
3.2in (81mm)
A-GPS
•
8.1cm, 320×480
GSM/GPRS/EDGE
•
850/900/1800/1900
•
HVGA,
HSDPA 850/1900/2100
•
Multi-touch,
Wi-Fi
528 Qualcomm
256 MB
(802.11b/g)
CPU
RAM,
Bluetooth 2.1
512MB
with A2DP
ROM
• •
Rear: 5Mpx
First dual SIM Android
Front:
phone of Cherry Mobile
0.3Mpx
stereo and EDR
•
3.5mm stereo audio jack
CSL
[7]
CSL Spice
August
1.6
2010
3.2in (81mm),
First Malaysian mobile
240×640 HVGA,
phone to run Android
portrait mode, capacitive touchscreen Dell
Garmin
Dell Mini 3,
November
Mini 3i
2009
Garminfone
June 9, 2010
1.5
1.6
3.5in (89mm),
China Mobile uses
360×640 nHD,
OPhone OS, AT&T uses
portrait mode
Android
3.5in (89mm), 320×480 HVGA, portrait mode
GPS
Wi-Fi, Bluetooth
Qualcomm
4GB flash,
MSM7227
256MiB SDRAM, 256MB ROM, microSD
• •
Rear: 3Mpx Front: none
Comparison of Android devices GeeksPhone
GeeksPhone One
February
1.6
[8]
46 3.2in (81mm),
GPS
• •
528 ARM11
320×240
2010
Rear: 3.1Mpx. Front: none
WQVGA General Mobile
General Mobile
August
DSTL1
2009
1.6
Marvell PXA
First mobile phone on the
310
market that supports both
(624MHz)+NXP
Imaginary
dual SIM technology and
5209
Android platform. Rebranded Yuhua Tel X2
[6]
Highscreen
PP5420
July 11,
Formerly Windows
2009
Mobile phone
[9]
(Russia) HKC
HKC Pearl
2009
Claims to dual-boot Windows Mobile 6.1 and Android; is an HTC clone device
HKC
HKC Imobile
2009
Clone of HTC
v413
HTC
HTC Aria
Corporation
[10]
Touch June 20,
2.1/2.2 with HTC
3.2in (81mm),
2010
Sense UI
320×480 HVGA,
A-GPS
•
GSM/GPRS/EDGE
•
850/900/1800/1900
•
portrait mode
•
HSDPA
Wi-Fi
600 MSM7227
(802.11b/g)
[11]
•
Rear: 5Mpx
A mid-range AT&T
•
Front: none
exclusive; similar to HTC Legend
Bluetooth 2.1 with A2DP stereo and EDR
• •
FM tuner 3.5mm stereo audio jack, micro-USB
HTC
HTC Desire
Corporation
March 26,
2.1/2.2 with HTC
3.7in (94mm),
Virtual
2010
Sense UI
480×800 WVGA,
keyboard
portrait mode
Europe/Asia Pacific:
•
HSPA/W-CDMA: 900/2100 or 850/2100 (Telstra Australia)
•
GSM 850/900/1800/1900
•
Similar to Nexus One but
Wi-Fi
1000 ARMv7
576MB
(802.11b/g);
Snapdragon
RAM &
adds HTC Sense UI,
512MB
optical trackpad, hard
•
Bluetooth 2.1 with EDR
ROM
buttons, but does not have
•
Micro USB
(about
dual microphones as has
140MB
Nexus One
usable) HTC
HTC Dream,
October 22,
Corporation
T-Mobile G1,
2008
Era G1
1.0 through 2.1
3.2in (81mm),
A-GPS;
320×480 HVGA,
slide-out
portrait mode
QWERTY keyboard
•
Quad band GSM/GPRS/EDGE
[12]
850/900/1800/1900
•
HSDPA/HSUPA (US/Europe) (7.2/2 Mbit/s)
Wi-Fi (802.11b/g),
528MHz
192 MB
Bluetooth 2.0+EDR,
Qualcomm
RAM, 256
ExtUSB,
MSM7201A
MB ROM
ARM11
3.2 Mpx
First phone on the market to use the Android platform,
[13]
phone is
part of open standards effort of Open Handset Alliance
[14]
Comparison of Android devices
47
HTC
HTC Hero,
July 2009
1.5, 2.1 with
3.2in (81mm),
Virtual
Corporation
HTC Droid Eris,
(Europe,
HTC Sense UI
320×480 HVGA,
keyboard;
T-Mobile G2
Asia,
portrait mode
A-GPS;
Touch
Canada)
1.
Wi-Fi (802.11b/g),
The Hero has two design
Bluetooth 2.0+EDR,
versions: the original
GSM version:
•
quad band
design and the U.S.
ExtUSB
GSM/GPRS/EDGE
release design, both use
850/900/1800/1900
October
•
2009 (US)
HTC Sense
dual band UMTS 900/2100 HSPA (Europe), or dual band UMTS 850/1900 HSPA (North America)
2.
CDMA version: dual band CDMA2000/EV-DO Rev. A 800/1900
HTC
Droid Incredible
Corporation
•
April 29,
2.1-2.2 with
3.7in (94mm),
Virtual
Wi-Fi (802.11b/g)
8GB
Rear: 8.0Mpx
Successor to HTC Droid
2010
HTC Sense UI
480×800 WVGA,
keyboard;
(n with 2.2 update);
onboard
with dual flash
Eris
(upgrade to
portrait mode,
A-GPS
Bluetooth 2.1 with
flash
LED
Android 2.3 in
AMOLED or
A2DP stereo and
memory
•
Q2 2011)
SLCD
EDR; FM tuner,
•
CDMA2000/EV-DO Rev. A
Front: none
Mobile Wi-Fi (with 2.2 update) HTC
Incredible S
Corporation
HTC
HTC Legend
Corporation
February
2.2 with HTC
4.0in (100mm),
Virtual
GSM/GPRS/EDGE
Wi-Fi (802.11b/g)
1000 Qualcomm
1.1 GB
Rear: 8.0Mpx
Successor to HTC Droid
26, 2011
Sense UI
480×800 WVGA,
keyboard;
850/900/1800/1900MHz
(n with 2.2 update);
MSM8255
onboard
with dual flash
Incredible
(UK)
(upgradable to
portrait mode,
A-GPS
HSPA/WCDMA Europe/Asia
Bluetooth 2.1 with
(Snapdragon)
flash
LED
2.3 Q2 2011)
SLCD
900/AWS/2100MHz
A2DP stereo and
memory, 8
EDR; FM tuner,
GB
Fixed Focus
Mobile Wi-Fi (with
microSD
for video
2.2 update)
supplied
calling
March 31,
2.1-2.2
2010
GSM 850/900/1800/1900
Wi-Fi (802.11 b/g),
Qualcomm
HSPA/W-CDMA 900/2100
Bluetooth v2.1 +
MSM7227 @
portrait mode,
EDR with Enhanced
600
AMOLED
Data Rate
3.2in (81mm),
GPS
320×480 HVGA,
1.5-1.6 2.2.1
•
3.2in (81mm),
•
•
Front: 1.3Mpx
HTC
HTC Magic,
April 27,
Bluetooth 2.0
Qualcomm
512 MB
Corporation
HTC Sapphire,
2009-July
320×480 HVGA,
with Enhanced
MSM7200A @
ROM, 288
megapixel
(32A version) can
T-Mobile
28, 2009
portrait mode
Data Rate and
528
MB RAM,
color with
officially get HTC Sense
autofocus
user interface
myTouch 3G,
(depending
A2DP for
microSD
docomo HT-03A
on country)
wireless stereo
card (SD
headsets
2.0
•
Wi-Fi: IEEE
compatible)
•
HTC ExtUSB
•
Rear: 3.2
HTC branded Magic
Front: none
802.11 b/g
(11-pin mini-USB 2.0 and audio jack in one) HTC Corporation
HTC Tattoo
October 19, 2009
1.6
2.8in (71mm),
Virtual
240×320 QVGA,
keyboard
portrait mode
• •
Rear: 3.2Mpx Front: none
A lower-end Android phone, includes the HTC Sense UI, similar form
[15]
factor to the Magic.
Comparison of Android devices HTC
HTC Evo 4G
Corporation
48
June 4,
2.2.1 with HTC
4.3in (110mm),
Wi-Fi (802.11b/g);
1000 Qualcomm
1GB
2010
Sense UI
480×800 WVGA,
Bluetooth 2.1 with
QSD8650
ROM,
(upgradable to
portrait mode,
A2DP stereo and
(Snapdragon)
512MiB
2.3 Q2 2011)
217ppi
EDR; FM tuner
• •
Rear: 8Mpx Front:
High-end Android phone
[16]
1.3Mpx
RAM, 8GB microSD preinstalled, expands to 32
HTC Corporation
Google Nexus
January 5,
One
2010
2.1-2.3.3
3.7in (94mm),
Virtual
First phone sold by
480×800 WVGA,
keyboard
Google directly
portrait mode, 252ppi HTC
Desire HD,
September
Corporation
T-Mobile
15, 2010
2.2 with Sense 2
4.3in (110mm),
Virtual
480×800 WVGA,
keyboard
•
Wi-Fi 802.11n
portrait mode,
myTouch 4G
Rear: 8Mpx with HD video (720p)
•
252ppi
Front: 640×480 VGA Vid-phone lens
HTC
Inspire 4G
Corporation
February
2.2.1 with Sense
13, 2011
4.3in (110mm),
Virtual
480×800 WVGA,
keyboard
•
Wi-Fi 802.11n
portrait mode,
(720p)
•
216.97 ppi HTC
Desire Z,
Corporation
T-Mobile G2
Q4 2010
2.2
Rear: 8Mpx with HD video
3.7in (94mm)
QWERTY
HSPA/W-CDMA 900/2100,
800 Qualcomm
SuperLCD
keyboard
GSM 850/900/1800/1900
Snapdragon,
•
(720p)
• HTC
myTouch 3G
June 2,
2.1 with HTC
3.4in (86mm),
QWERTY
Corporation
Slide
2010
Espresso Sense
320×480 HVGA,
four row
UI
portrait mode
keyboard, and
Rear: 5Mpx with HD video
MSM7230
800×480 WVGA
Front: none
•
Front: none
Rear: 5Mpx
a Swype
[17]
•
Front: none
•
Rear: 5Mpx
on-screen keyboard HTC
HTC Wildfire
Corporation
June 14,
2.1/2.2 with
3.2in (81mm),
2010
HTC Sense UI
240×320 QVGA,
GPS/AGPS
802.11b/g Wi-Fi,
512 MB
Blueooth 2.1+EDR
flash,
autofocus,
384MB of
portrait mode
with LED
RAM, microSD expansion HTC
HTC Thunderbolt
Corporation
March 17,
2.2 (Froyo) with
4.3in (110mm),
2011
HTC Sense UI
480*800
LTE 700, CDMA EvDO revA
8GB
flash
• •
[18]
Front: none
Rear: 8.0 MP
onboard
with autofocus
memory,
and dual LED
with up to
flash (720p
32 additional
recording)
•
Front: 1.3 MP
GB via microSD card HTC Corporation
HTC Merge
May 31,
2.2 (Froyo) with
3.8in (97mm),
2011
HTC Sense UI
480*800
LTE 700, CDMA EvDO revA
512MB
5.0 MP with
RAM,
autofocus and dual
microSD
LED flash (720p
expansion
recording)
The New HTC Sense
Comparison of Android devices Huawei
T-Mobile Pulse,
October
U8220
2009
2.1
49
[19]
[20] [21] [22]
CHT8000 Huawei
U8230
October
1.5
2009 Huawei
Ascend
October 27,
2.1
3.5in (89mm)
capacitive
2010
(user-upgradeable
HVGA
touchscreen
EV-DO Rev.A
to 2.2) i-Mobile
5800 3G
December
3.2in (81mm),
2009
480×800 WQVGA, portrait mode, TFT
i-Mobile
6010
3.2in (81mm), 320×480 HVGA, portrait mode, TFT
i-Mobile
i810
August
1.6 (upgradable
3.2in (81mm),
2010
to 2.1)
480×800 WVGA, portrait mode, TFT
i-Mobile
i858
February
2.1
2010
4.3in (110mm), 480×800 WVGA, portrait mode, TFT
Kogan
Agora
October 15,
Technologies
standard/Pro
2008
1.0
2.5in (64mm),
GPS
•
Wi-Fi
Rear: 2
model name is now used
240×320 QVGA,
megapixel
for notebooks
portrait mode,
(Pro version)
•
160ppi Kyocera/Sanyo
Lenovo
1x EV-DO Rev.A
Wi-Fi (802.11b/g),
Zio
March 22,
1.6
3.5in (89mm)
Capacitive
SCP-8600/M6000
2010
(user-upgradeable
WVGA,
touchscreen;
Bluetooth2.0+EDR,
to 2.1)
480×800
A-GPS
MicroUSB
OPhone
Front: none
Low-priced smartphone
Supports the local TD-SCDMA
[23]
First handset to use the
3G standard.
OPhone OS platform developed by China Mobile on Android
Lenovo
LePhone
September
2.1
29, 2010
3.7 inches
Capacitive
W-CDMA/HSPA:
(94mm)
touchscreen
850/1900/2100 GSM
[24]
850/900/1800/1900
AMOLED WVGA (800×480) LG Group
G2X
April 15,
2.2
2011
•
4.0in (100mm)
Micro-USB;
quad-band 2G
DLNA, GPS, stereo
1000(x2)
512 MB
Rear: 8Mpx
Essentially T-Mobile
WVGA
3.5mm stereo
(GSM850/900/1800/1900), single
Bluetooth,
NVIDIA dual
RAM, 8GB
with LED
USA-branded Optimus
core Tegra 2
ROM,
flash and
2X. HDMI output. Full
32GB
video
HD 1080p video
microSD
recording
playback. Hot-swap
1080p HD
microSD.
band 3G (AWS; UMTS1700/2100)
•
Front: 1.3Mpx
LG Group
GW620 Eve,
November
GW620 Linkme
5, 2009
1.5
First LG Android phone.
Comparison of Android devices LG Group
50
GT540 Optimus,
May 31,
1.6, upgradable
3.0in (76mm),
GPS,
GT540 Swift
2010
to 2.1
320×480pixel
touchscreen
3G HSDPA
• •
Wi-Fi, Bluetooth,
Rear: 3Mpx Front: none
display
Smartphone with a 3.5mm headphones jack, and MicroSD card support,
LG Group
KH5200
March 1,
Andro-1
2010
1.6
3.0in (76mm),
Slide,
320×480 HVGA,
QWERTY
portrait mode,
Keypad
[25]
LCD LG Group
LS670 Optimus
November
S
7, 2010
2.2
3.2in (81mm),
compass,
320×480 HVGA, accelerometer, portrait mode,
Mobile hotspot
600 Qualcomm
512MiB
capability, Wi-Fi
MSM7627
of memory,
LU2300 Optimus
June 5,
Q
2010
1.6
Adreno 200
(up to
graphics
32GB)
3.5in (89mm),
Slide,
480×800 WVGA,
QWERTY
portrait mode,
keyboard
•
1000 CortexA8
November
2.2
recording
•
3.2in (81mm),
compass,
320×480 HVGA, accelerometer,
3, 2010
portrait mode,
AGPS
TFT LCD,
LG Group
Optimus V
2.2
Wi-Fi b/g,
600 Qualcomm
512MiB
Bluetooth 2.1,
MSM7627
of memory,
Mobile hotspot
microSD
capability
card slot
Adreno 200
(up to
graphics
32GB)
3.2in (81mm),
compass,
320×480 HVGA, accelerometer,
VM670
portrait mode,
Wi-Fi b/g,
600 Qualcomm
512MiB
Bluetooth 2.1
MSM7627
of memory,
VS740 Ally,
May 20,
Aloha
2010
2.1
• •
• •
Front: none Rear: 3.2Mpx Front: none
Rear: 3.2Mpx Front: none
microSD
AGPS
card slot
TFT LCD,
LG Group
[26]
Mobile TV tuner
720p videos
touchscreen LCD P509 Optimus T
Rear: 5Mpx capable of
AMOLED
LG Group
Front: none
card slot
TFT LCD,
LG Group
Rear: 3.2Mpx
microSD
b/g, Bluetooth 2.1
AGPS
• •
Adreno 200
(up to
graphics
32GB)
3.2in (81mm),
Slide, full
480×800 WVGA,
QWERTY
portrait mode,
Keypad
LCD LG Group
KU9500 Optimus
Q3 2010
2.1
Z
LG Group
Optimus 2X
3.5in (89mm),
touchscreen
Mobile TV tuner
Jan 2011
2.2
(S. Korea)
•
1000 Qualcomm Snapdragon
480×800 WVGA,
Rear: 5Mpx capable of
portrait mode,
recording
AMOLED
720p videos
•
Front: none
•
Rear: 8Mpx
4.0in (100mm)
HSPA+, quad-band (GSM
DLNA, GPS, stereo
1000(x2)
512 MB
WVGA
850/900/1800/1900)
Bluetooth, USB port;
NVIDIA dual
RAM, 8GB
with LED
3.5mm stereo
core Tegra 2
ROM,
flash and
32GB
video
microSD
recording 1080p HD
•
Front: 1.3Mpx
Meizu
Meizu M9
March 17, 2010
2.2
3.5in (89mm), 640×960 326dpi
A-GPS
GSM/W-CDMA/HSDPA/HSUPA
Wi-Fi/WAPI
1000 S5PC110
(802.11 b/g/n)
processor
•
Rear: 5Mpx capable of
Bluetooth 2.1+EDR
recording 720p videos
•
Front: none
Possibly T-Mobile G2X
Comparison of Android devices Motorola
Atrix 4G,MB860
February
2.2
22, 2011
51 4.0in (100mm),
capacitive
WCDMA 850, 1.900, and
DLNA, audio jack
1000(x2) Nvidia
16 MB
Rear: 5 Mpx, with
Feature webtop and laptop
540×960 qHD
touchscreen
2,100MHz, GSM 850, 900,
3.5mm, Micro USB
Tegra 2.
ROM, 1
720p video Front:
dock integration.
1,900, and 1,800MHz
2.0 HS, corporate
GB RAM,
VGA
sync, BOTA, Wi-Fi
32 GB SD
2.4GHz, 5GHz
Card
802.11 b/g/n,
(possible)
Bluetooth 2.1 EDR, HSPA+ at 14.4 Mbit/s Motorola
Charm
Motorola
Quench, CLIQ XT,
2.1
March 17, 2010
2.8in (71mm),
Qualcomm
It is the first Motorola
240×320 QVGA,
MSM7201A
Android phone to feature
portrait mode
528.
the updated Motoblur UI.
1.5
virtual
[27]
Spinoff of Motorola
keyboard
CLIQ, without a physical
[28]
Motorola MB501
Motorola
Droid, Milestone
keyboard
November
[30]
2.0-2.2
6, 2009
[29]
Arm Cortex A8
3.7in (94mm),
Limited
480×854
qwerty
processor
FWVGA, portrait
keyboard
underclocked to 550 to save
mode, 265ppi
battery Motorola
Droid X
July 15,
2.1-2.3
2010
Motorola
Droid 2, Milestone
2,
[31]
August 12,
2.2
2010
Droid 2
802.11b/g/n, Stereo
TI
512 MB
Rear: 8 Mpx, with
Bluetooth v2.1 +
OMAP3630-1000
RAM, 8
720p video Front:
FWVGA, portrait
EDR with A2DP and
1 Ghz Processor
GB ROM,
None
mode, 228ppi
AVRCP, FM tuner,
4.3in (110mm),
Virtual
480×854
keyboard
CDMA EVDO Rev. A 800/1900
16 GB SD
3.5mm TRRS audio
Card
jack, USB 2.0 HS,
(included),
OTA, HDMI, Over
32 GB SD
the Air Sync, PC
Card
Sync, DLNA
(possible)
3.7in (94mm),
Limited
1000 CPU
512MiB
480×854
qwerty
(1.2GHz on
RAM,
FWVGA, portrait
keyboard
Droid 2 Global)
8GB
Rear: 5Mpx Front: none
ROM,
mode
Global
• •
8GB flash, microSD Motorola
Droid Pro
November
2.2
18, 2010
3.1in (79mm), 320×480 HVGA,
qwerty
dual-mode CDMA2000/GSM
1000 processor
•
chip for worldwide roaming
auto-focus
portrait mode
• Motorola
Motorola i1
2010
1.5
Rear: 5 megapixel
Front: none
3.1in (79mm), 240×320 QVGA, portrait mode
Motorola
Backflip, Motorola MB300
March 7,
[32] 2010 [33]
1.5 (2.1 released
3.1in (79mm),
Nov 9 2010 as a
320×480 HVGA,
download to
portrait mode
[35]
AT&T's first smartphone
[34]
running Android.
computer) Motorola
Backflip,
March 2010
1.5 with
3.1in (79mm),
Taiwan version has
Motorola ME600
(China),
Motoblur
320×480 HVGA,
Chinese physical
portrait mode
keyboard.
June 22, 2010 (Taiwan)
Comparison of Android devices Motorola
Devour
52
March 25,
1.6 with
3.1in (79mm),
Full qwerty
2010
Motoblur
320×480 HVGA,
keyboard
Formerly the Calgary.
portrait mode Motorola
2.1
3.7in (94mm),
Milestone
May 11,
XT701
2010
480×854 WVGA,
(Taiwan)
portrait mode
Motorola
MOTO MT710
Motorola
XT720, Motoroi
OPhone OS 1.5
February
[36]
2.1
HDMI, FM tuner,
Motorola
XT800
2.0
Motorola
CLIQ,
1.5 with
3.1in (79mm),
Motoblur (2.1 in
320×480 HVGA,
the US)
portrait mode
September
2.1 upgradable
3.7in (94mm)
2010
to 2.2
480×854
September
2.1
2.8in (71mm)
October 7, 2009 (UK),
[38]
Rear: 8Mpx,
•
Front: none
T-DMB
2010,
Available only in Korea
flash
July 2010
DEXT
•
[37] [40] [41]
October 2, 2009 (US) Motorola
Motorola
Motorola Defy
Motorola Flipout
[39]
2010 myPhone
myPhone
[42]
A210
October
320×240 1.6
3.0in (76mm)
GPRS, EDGE
2010
Wi-Fi, FM tuner,
Marvell
Bluetooth 2.0
PXA310 624
• •
Rear: 3.2 Mpx
One of first Android
Front: none
smartphones with dual SIM card support
Nexian
A980,
July 2010
Released in Indonesia
3.2in (81mm),
Journey
320×480 HVGA, portrait mode
Pantech
Sky Sirius
May 1,
2.1 (upgradable
3.7in (94mm),
2010
to 2.2)
480×800 WVGA,
GPS
Wi-Fi, Bluetooth
• •
1000 Snapdragon
Rear: 5Mpx Front: none
[43]
MicroSD expansion
portrait mode Pantech
Sky Izar
July 2010
2.1
3.7in (94mm),
Wi-Fi, Bluetooth
Qualcomm
480×800 WVGA,
T-DMB
MSM7227 (600)
•
(AF)
•
portrait mode Pantech
Sky Vega
July 2010
2.1 (upgradable
3.7in (94mm),
to 2.2)
480×800 WVGA
Rear: 5Mpx
[44]
MicroSD expansion
Front: none
Minor upgrade of Sky Sirius
[45]
AMOLED, portrait mode Pantech
Sky Mirach
October
2.2
2010
3.5in (89mm), 480×800 WVGA, portrait mode
Pantech
Sky VegaXpress
December 2010
2.2
4.0in (100mm),
DDR2
Minor upgrade of Sky
480×800 WVGA,
memory
Vega
portrait mode Qigi
i6
2009
Former Windows Mobile device running Android in December 2008;
[46]
made by Chinese ODM
[47]
TechFaith
Comparison of Android devices Samsung Group
Behold II
53
November
1.6 with
3.2in (81mm),
18, 2009
Touchwiz
320×480 HVGA,
[48] [49]
portrait mode, AMOLED Samsung Group
GT-B7510,
April 2011
2.2
Galaxy Pro
800Mhz
512MB
2.8in (71mm),
A-GPS,
GSM 850 / 900 / 1800 / 1900,
Wi-fi 802.11 b/g/n,
320×240 QVGA,
capacitive
HSDPA 900 / 2100
Wi-Fi hotspot
storage,
landscape mode
touchscreen,
capable, Bluetooth
microSD,
QWERTY
v3.0 with A2DP
up to
•
Rear: 3.15 Mpx with autofocus
•
Front: None
32GB; 2GB
keypad
included Samsung Group
i7500 Galaxy
June 2009
1.6
i7500L is released in
3.2in (81mm), 320×480 HVGA,
Canada as a slight
portrait mode,
difference from i7500
AMOLED
from Europe and is in Android 1.5; first Samsung Android device
Samsung Group
M900 Moment
November
1.5, 2.1
1, 2009
3.2in (81mm),
Capacitive
Bluetooth 2.1, Wi-Fi
800 Samsung
512 MB
320×480 px
touchscreen;
802.11b/g
S3C6410
ROM, 256
(HVGA)
Rear: 3.2 Mpx
MB RAM
slide out QWERTY keyboard
Samsung Group
i5500
June 15,
2.1, 2.2
2010
Capacitive
Bluetooth 3.0, Wi-Fi
600 ARM
256MB
touchscreen
802.11b/g/n
Qualcomm
RAM
MSM7227
(locked to
Europa, Samsung Galaxy
184MB)
5 and Samsung Corby
(71mm)
Samsung Group
i5700
[50]
Spica
October 2009
1.6, 2.1
[51]
• •
240×320 px (QVGA), 2.8in
3.2in (81mm),
Virtual
GSM/GPRS/EDGE
Bluetooth 2.0 +
800 Samsung
256 MB
320×480 HVGA,
keyboard,
850/900/1800/1900, CSD,
EDR, Wi-Fi
S3C6410
RAM
portrait mode,
A-GPS
UMTS, HDSPA
(802.11b/g)
667
256 MB
• •
Rear: 2.0Mpx Front: none
Also known as: Samsung i5503, Samsung Galaxy
Rear: 3.2Mpx Front: none
180ppi Samsung Group
i5800 Teos
July 2010
2.1
Galaxy Apollo
3.2in (81mm)
Virtual
TFT, 240×400
keyboard
RAM
• •
Rear: 3.2Mpx Front: none
WQVGA, portrait mode Samsung Group
Galaxy A
April 29,
2.1
2010
Samsung Group
3.2in (81mm),
GPS
• •
T-DMB, Bluetooth,
320×480 HVGA,
802.11n Wi-Fi, and
portrait mode
video calling 1000 S5PC110
Rear: 5Mpx Front: none
June 15,
2.1 with
4.0in (100mm),
Virtual
Dual band CDMA2000/EV-DO
Wi-Fi
2010,
Touchwiz 3.0,
480×800 WVGA,
keyboard
Rev. A 800/1900, WiMAX 2.5 to
(802.11b/g/n);
ROM
T-Mobile
June 24,
2.2 with update.
portrait mode,
2.7GHz; 802.16e 2.5G
Bluetooth 3.0
(1.8GB)
Vibrant,
2010
Super AMOLED
(GSM/GPRS/EDGE):
other 8GB
Verizon
(S.Korea),
850/900/1800/1900; 3G HSDPA
or 16GB
Fascinate,
July 1,
7.2Mbit/s, HSUPA 5.76Mbit/s):
internal
US Cellular
2010
900/1900/2100
mem
Mesmerize,
(Australia),
Sprint Epic 4G
July 18,
[52]
South Korea
[53] [54]
2GB
i9000 Galaxy S, AT&T Captivate,
To be available only in
Exclusive USA versions vary (such as camera, flash, internal memory) depending on
[55]
carrier
2010 (USA) Samsung Group
Google Nexus S
December 16, 2010
2.3
4.0in (100mm), 480×800 WVGA, Portrait), 235 ppi, SuperAMOLED
[56]
Virtual
Quad-band GSM
802.11b/g/n Wi-Fi,
1000 Samsung
512MiB
keyboard,
850/900/1800/1900 (voice),
Bluetooth2.1+EDR,
Hummingbird
RAM
Assisted GPS
•
Rear: 5Mpx
First phone to ship with
(2,560×1,920)
Android 2.3 Gingerbread
Tri-band HSPA 900/1700/2100
Near field
16GB
(7.2Mbit/s HSDPA, 5.76Mbit/s
communication
iNAND
HSUPA) (3G)
(NFC), Micro USB
flash
640×480VGA
2.0
memory
Vid-phonelens
withflash
•
Front:
Yes
Comparison of Android devices Samsung Group
Galaxy Ace,
800 ARM 11
February
2.2.1 with
3.5in (89mm),
GSM 850/900/1800/1900;
Wi-Fi
2011
Touchwiz 3.0,
320×480 HVGA,
HSDPA 900/2100 3G
(802.11b/g/n);
processor,
portrait mode
(7.2Mbit/s)
Bluetooth 2.1 with
Adreno 200
March 2011
A2DP; microUSB
GPU, Qualcomm
(South
2.0, DLNA, FM
MSM7227
Korea)
tuner
(Asia);
Samsung Group
54
Samsung
July 9,
Acclaim
2010
2.1
3.2in (81mm), HVGA 320×480
(USA) Samsung Group
Samsung Group
M910 Intercept,
July 11,
3.0in (76mm)
Landscape
Bluetooth 2.1, Wi-Fi
800 Samsung
512 MB
Samsung
2010
TFT, 240×400
QWERTY
(802.11 b/g)
S3C6410
ROM, 256
Moment II
(USA)
WQVGA,
slider
portrait mode
keyboard
2.2
Samsung
October 10,
2.1 with Sprint
3.5in (89mm),
Capacitive
Transform
2010
ID UI, update to
320×480 px
touchscreen;
(USA)
2.2.2
MB RAM
Bluetooth 3.0
• •
Rear: 3.2
Small modifications to
megapixel
stock Android UI
Front: none
3.2 Mpx
3.5mm trrs headset jack,
800 Samsung
512 MB
S3C6410
ROM, 256
compatible with standard
MB RAM
trs headphones for audio
slide out
only
QWERTY keyboard Sony Ericsson
Xperia X10 Mini
February
1.6/2.1
2010
•
950
2.55in (65mm)
capacitive
GSM 850/900/1800/1900
16M-color
touchscreen;
HSDPA 900/2100
megapixel
Ericsson UI (blue), 4
240×320(QVGA)
T9 Standard
HSDPA 850/1900/2100
autofocus with
Homescreen corners,
TFT
(with sliding
HSDPA 7.2Mbit/s
panel UI)
Sony Ericsson
Sony Ericsson
March
Xperia Arc
2011-April
2.3
4.2in (110mm)
Capacitive
GSM 850/900/1800/1900
WiFi, Bluetooth,
1000 Qualcomm
512MB
480×854 LCD
touchscreen,
HSDPA 900/2100 HSDPA
GPS
MSM8255
RAM
proximity
850/1900/2100/800
2011
sensor
Rear: 5
Built-in battery, Sony
LED flash
Timescape UI, SE
•
Front: none
Player/Gallery/Phonebook.
•
Rear: 8.1Mpx
Timescape widgets
with LED
Snapdragon,
flash,
Adreno 205 GPU
autofocus, and 720p video recording
• Sony Ericsson
Xperia X10 Mini
May 24,
Pro
2010
1.6/2.1
Front: none
2.55in (65mm)
Capacitive
Qualcomm
256 MB
5 megapixel
Timescape with Rachael
240×320
touchscreen,
MSM7227 600
RAM,
autofocus
UI, proximity and ambient
slide out
processor
256MB
(QVGA) TFT
lighting sensors
ROM
QWERTY keypad Sony Ericsson
Xperia X10
March 22, 2010 (UK)
[57]
1.6/2.1 (2.3
4.0in (100mm),
Capacitive
Gingerbread Q3
480×854
touchscreen,
2011)
FWVGA, portrait
A-GPS
• • •
mode, TFT
•
GSM 850/900/1800/1900
Bluetooth v2.1 with
1000, Adreno
1 GB
X10i: HSDPA
A2DP, Wi-Fi
200, Qualcomm
storage,
LED flash,
900/1700/2100
802.11b/g,
QSD8250
384 MB
autofocus,
X10a: HSDPA
MicroUSB 2.0,
850/1900/2100
DLNA
RAM
Rear: 8MP,
720p video recording after 2.1 update
• Sony Ericsson
Xperia X8
September
1.6/2.1
1, 2010
3.0in (76mm) 320×480
Touchscreen
GSM 850 / 900 / 1800 / 1900
Bluetooth v2.1 with
Qualcomm
168 MB
HSDPA 900 / 1900 / 2100
A2DP, Wi-Fi
MSM7227 600
RAM, 128
802.11b/g,
processor
MB ROM
MicroUSB 2.0 Vibo
A688
January 18, 2010
[61]
1.6
3.2in (81mm),
GSM 850, GSM900, GSM1800,
320×480 HVGA,
GSM1900, UMTS 850,
portrait mode,
UMTS1900, UMTS2100
TFT
Front: none 3.2 megapixel
Smartphone with Rachael UI
[58] [59] [60]
Comparison of Android devices Videocon
V7500
2.1
55 Multiple Bluetooth
3.2in (81mm),
GPS and
3.5G (HSDPA 7.2Mbit/s
(8cms)
geotagging
/HSUPA 2 Mbit/s), Quadband
profiles: A2DP,
Multi-touch TFT
2G: 850/900/1800/1900 with
GAP, HFP, HSP;
capacitive
UMTS 2100, W-CDMA
Wi-Fi, USB 2.0
touchscreen 480×320 pixel, with 262K color Huawei
Joy, Vodafone
April 2010
2.1
845
2.8in (71mm),
3.5G HSDPA 7.2Mbit/s,
Wi-Fi 802.11b/g
528 Qualcomm
512 MB
71mm resistive
W-CDMA 900/2100, Quadband
(54Mbit/s),
CPU
RAM, 256
touchscreen,
GSM 2G: 850/900/1800/1900
Bluetooth 2.0, GPS,
• •
Rear: 3.2Mpx
1200 mAh removable
Front: none
Lithium-ion battery
Rear: 3.2Mpx
Also marketed as Orange
(or 5.0Mpx)
San Francisco in some
AF
countries
MB ROM
USB 2.0 (480Mbit/s)
240×320 resolution, 24 bit/pixel, optical touch pad ZTE
Blade
Q4 2010
2.1, 2.2
3.5in (89mm)
Capacitive
480×800
multi-touch;
WVGA) OLED
GPS
GPRS, 3G, HSDPA
Wi-Fi, Bluetooth,
Qualcomm
Micro USB
MSM7227 600 with Adreno 200 GPU
(or TFT)
256, or
•
512MiB RAM, MicroSD
•
Front: none
slot, 2GB micro
[62]
SD ZTE
Racer (Link)
July 2010
2.0 (2.1 update
2.8in (71mm),
resistive
Wi-Fi (802.11b/g),
600MHz ARM
256 MB
3.2 MP rear camera
available)
240×320 QVGA,
touch screen,
Bluetooth 2.0 with
11 processor,
RAM, 256
with autofocus
portrait mode
A-GPS
A2DP stereo, FM
Adreno 200
MB ROM
tuner, 3.5mm stereo
GPU, Qualcomm
audio jack,
MSM7227
micro-USB
chipset
GSM/GPRS/EDGE/3G
Stylus included, supports microSD up to 8GB, notification LED, Li-Ion 1.1Ah battery
Tablet computers This category includes tablet (mainly ARM powered tablets) or slate computers as well as PMPs and MIDs. Maker
Name
Release date
Version
Screen CPU model CPU Touchscreen size Resolution (or SoC) frequency technology (inches) (MHz)
Notes Gyroscope Android Market
Weight (g)
Comparison of Android devices Acer
Advent
AOC
Acer Iconia April 24, Tab A500 2011[63]
Vega
AOC Breeze
3.0
November 1, [64] 2010
2.2
February 2011
2.1
56 Capacitive (multi-touch)
Capacitive
Resistive
10.1
10.1
8
1280×800
1024×600
800×600
NVidia Tegra 2, NVidia GeForce GPU
NVIDIA Tegra [65] 250
Yes
Yes
700g No
MicroSD reader, USB OTP, 802.11 b/g Wi-Fi, 4GB internal storage, microphone, speakers
503g
Yes
No but AppsLib
250
ARM 9 Rockchip [70] RK2808
600
No but AppsLib
388
Rockchip RK2918
800 ?
No But AppsLib
388
No
ARM 9 Rockchip RK2818
800 ?
No
No but AppsLib
800×480
ARM 9
[70] 800
No but AppsLib
388
320×240
ARM Cortex A8
[72] 800
No but AppsLib
68
September 15, [66] 2009
1.6
Resistive
4.8
800×480
ARM Cortex [67] [68] A8
Archos
Archos 7 Home Tablet
June [69] 2010
1.5
Resistive
7
800×480
Archos
Archos 7c June 2011 Home Tablet
2.3
Capacitive
7
800×480 ?
Archos 7 Home Tablet V2
December 2010
2.1
Archos
Archos 8
June 2010
1.5
Resistive
8
Archos
Archos 28 September 2010
2.2
Resistive
2.8
7
970 (tablet) 610 (keyboard)
[67] 800 [68]
Archos 5
Resistive
MicroSD reader, USB, 802.11 a/b/g/n Wi-Fi, 16 or 32GB microSD storage, microphone, speakers, front-facing 2MP camera, rear 5MP camera with LED flash, 720p video recording, 1 GB RAM, GPS, Bluetooth, HDMI port, 1080p HD Video playback
1000, dual [65] core
ARM 9 Rockchip RK2818
Archos
Archos
1000, dual-core
800×480
Tech specs
Tech specs
[71]
[71]
Comparison of Android devices
57
Archos
Archos 32 September 2010
2.2
Resistive
3.2
400×240
ARM Cortex A8
[72] 800
No but AppsLib
Archos
Archos 43
2.2
Resistive
4.3
480×854
ARM Cortex 1000[72] A8
No but AppsLib
Archos
Archos 70 September internet 2010 ? tablet
2.2
Capacitive
7
800×480
ARM Cortex A8
1000
No but AppsLib
Archos
Archos 101 November [73] internet 2010 tablet
2.2
Capacitive
10.1
1024×600 ARM Cortex A8
1000
No but AppsLib
October 2010
Archos
Arnova 8
March 2011
2.1
Resistive
8
800×600
Rockchip ?
?
No but AppsLib
Archos
Arnova 10
March 2011
2.1
Resistive
10.1
1024×600
Rockchip ?
?
No but AppsLib
3.1
Capacitive (multi-touch
10.1
1280×800 Nvidia Tegra 1000, 2 dual core
Asus
Eee Pad March 25, Transformer 2011 (TF101)
AUGEN July Electronics Gentouch78 2010[74]
2.1
Resistive
7
Camangi
WebStation
2010
1.5
Cherry Mobile
Superion
October 10, 2010
2.2
Capacitive
7
Coby
Kyros
December 1, 2010 [75]
2.1
Resistive
7
800×480
7
ARM (unknown)
800
Dedicated dock with touchpad, full-size keyboard, additional two usb-host (Android 3.1 required) and integrated battery 256MiB RAM, Wi-Fi, 2GB storage + SD slot; sold at KMart
Marvell PXA303
624
Marvell processor with onboard Wi-Fi b/g, Bluetooth 2.0, GPS
800×480
Qualcomm MSM7227
600
3G/Wi-Fi, 3 megapixel cam+front cam, GPS/BT. 16GB internal memory; first Philippine Android tablet
800×480
ARM1176
800
Wi-Fi, 4GB internal memory plus up to 16GB microSD, HDMI output
680
Yes
Yes
No
No but AppsLib
Comparison of Android devices
58
Creative
ZiiO 7"
2.2
Resistive
7
480×800
Zii Labs ZMS-08
1000?
415
Creative
ZiiO 10"
2.2
Resistive
10
1024×600
Zii Labs ZMS-08
1000?
650
Comparison of Android devices Dell
Dell Streak (aka Mini 5 and Streak 5)
June 4, 2010
59 Capacitive
1.6/2.1/2.2
5
800×480
ARM Cortex A8 (Snapdragon)
1000
Front-facing camera for video calling. Rear-facing camera, 5 megapixel, with dual LED flash. 720p HD video recording. 1530 mAh battery. 2GB user memory, shipped with 16 GB SD card, 32 GB optional. Front-facing ear piece and microphone allow it to be used as a large screen smartphone. Originally shipped with landscape-locked android 1.6 operating system. Later released with 2.1 for O2 UK users. All versions updated to 2.2 with new UI capable of landscape or portrait with accelerometer. AT&T version is still running 1.6 with a 2.2 release slated for Feb 2011. Capable of 1267MHz with custom kernel. PDMI connector for HDMI out, compatible with Slacker G2 Dock but not with Samsung Galaxy Tab accessories.
No
Yes
Comparison of Android devices Entourage
eDGe
February 2010
1.6
60 Resistive
10.1
1024×600
800
Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, 1.3 megapixel webcam, 3 GB internal memory, SD card reader, 2 full-size USB ports, 1 mini USB port, 10.1in (260mm) resistive screen, 1024×600 LCD, 9.7in (250mm) EPD with Wacom enabled pen for writing, stereo speakers and dual mic, 25 Wh Li-poly replaceable battery.
800
Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, 3 megapixel webcam, 3 GB internal memory, microSD card reader, 1 full-size USB port, 1 mini USB port, 7in (180mm) resistive screen, 800×480 LCD, 6in (150mm) EPD with Wacom enabled pen for writing, stereo speakers and mic, 15 Wh Li-poly battery.
No
Entourage
Pocket eDGe
November 2010
1.6
Resistive
7
800×480
?
Comparison of Android devices Hardkernel
61
2010
2.1
Capacitive
10.1
1366×768
Cortex A8
1000
February 24, 2011
3.0
Capacitive (multi-touch)
10.1
1280×800 Nvidia Tegra 1000, 2 dual core
ODROID-T
Motorola
Xoom
Notion Ink
Adam
January 21, 2011
2.2
Capacitive
10.1
1024×600
NVIDIA Tegra 250
Pandigital
Novel
May 2010
2.0
Resistive
7
800×600
Samsung s3c6410xh-53 [79] 1009
Tegatech Tega v2[80] Australia ViewSonic
GTablet
ViewSonic ViewPad 7
October 2010
1.6/2.2
November 2010
2.2
March 2011
2.2
Capacitive
Capacitive
Capacitive
10.1
10.1
7
800×600
1024×600
800×480
1 GB RAM, 32 GB + MicroSD*, Wi-Fi (b/g/n), 5MP rear camera (720 P), 2 MP front camera, Bluetooth 2.1, 3-axis accelerometer, compass, gyroscope, barometer
[67] 1000 [68] [78]
730
Yes
Yes
No
No but Genesis
[79]
800
Intel Atom N455
1660
NVIDIA Tegra 2
1000
Arm 11
512 MB mobile DDR memory, 1080p full HD video, with onboard Wi-Fi b/g, Bluetooth 2.0, accelerometer, compass sensor and external USB GPS, hardware and software open project. Supports Android [76] [77] 2.1.
600
SlideMe Market Dual boot Android + Windows 7 512MiB RAM, 16GB flash, microSD expansion slot, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, 1.2Mpx Camera, TapnTap UI; sold at Sears and K-Mart
870 Yes
No
No
Yes
Comparison of Android devices Samsung
Samsung
Toshiba
Galaxy Tab November 10, 2010
Galaxy Tab May 2011 10.1v (NL)
Folio 100
November 1, 2010
2.2
3.0
2.2
62 Capacitive
Capacitive
Capacitive
7
10.1
10.1
1024×600
1280×800
Samsung Hummingbird
Tegra 2 dual core, dual core
1024×600 NVidia Tegra 2
1000
1000
1000
512 MB (ROM) + 512 MB (RAM) + 128 MB (one D-RAM) + 2 GB (user memory) + 16 GB (internal memory) + up to 32 GB with optional microSD card (external memory), Wi-Fi: 802.11 b/g/n, USB 2.0, Bluetooth connectivity, accelerometer, geomagnetic, luminance, 3-axis accelerometer gyro sensor, battery 4000mAh, rear camera 3 MP autofocus and flash, front camera 1.3 MP 8 MP rear-facing camera, 2 MP front-facing camera, dual surround sound speakers 16 GB internal memory, 802.11b/g/n, Bluetooth, 3G(in 2011), SD and MMC card readers, HDMI and USB 2.0 ports, a 1.3 megapixel webcam, and a 2030 mAh 10.8V battery with a battery life of up to 7 hours with mixed use (browsing and video [81] playback).
380 g
Yes
Yes
590 g
Yes
Yes
No
Comparison of Android devices Toshiba
Thrive
July 10, 2011
3.1
63 Capacitive
10.1
1280x800 NVidia Tegra 1000, 2 dual-core
8 GB internal memory; USB, mini-USB, and HDMI ports and full-sized SD card reader; Bluetooth and Wi-Fi connectivity supporting Adobe Flash. 5.0 MP rear camera with autofocus and 2.0MP front-facing webcam; stereo speakers with Toshiba sound enhancements. 10.1-inch multi-touch widescreen display with Adaptive Display Technology, supporting 720p. Easy Grip non-slip interchangeable rubber backplate, available in a variety of colors; user-replaceable prismatic lithium battery
725g
Yes
Yes
Comparison of Android devices Vizio
Vizio Tablet
ZTE
July 18, 2011
Light
2010
64
2.3
2.1
Capacitive
Resistive
8
7
1024×768
800×400
?
1000
600
4 GB internal memory, 802.11b/g/n, Bluetooth, Built-in Navigation (GPS), SD card reader, HDMI and USB 2.0 ports, a camera, Built-in IR Blaster for Universal remote functionality, including preloaded universal remote app covering 95% of CE devices in US market
544g
Yes
Yes
512 MB internal memory, 802.11b/g/n, Bluetooth, 3G, SD and MMC card readers, 3 megapixel camera, FM tuner
E-readers These devices are designed to read e-books, and use display technologies such as E Ink. Maker
Name
Release date
Notes Version
Barnes & Noble
Nook
November 30, 2009
1.5
E-Ink display, downloads via AT&T 3G or Wi-Fi
Barnes & Noble
Nook Color
November 19, 2010
2.1
VividView LCD display, Wi-Fi only
Barnes & Noble
Nook Simple Touch
June 10, 2011
2.1
E-ink display with touch interface, Wi-Fi only
enTourage
eDGe
February [82] 2010
Dual display: 9.7-inch (250mm) e-ink and 10.1-inch (260mm) LCD
enTourage
Pocket eDGe
November [85] 2010
Dual display: 6-inch (150mm) e-ink and 7-inch (180mm) LCD
Spring Design
Alex
April 14, 2010
Dual display: 6-inch (150mm) e-ink and 3.5-inch (89mm) LCD; discontinued March [86] [87] 2, 2011 according to their website after settling with Barnes & Noble
[83] [84]
Comparison of Android devices PocketBook
65
PocketBook IQ November 701 2010
2.0
7-inch LCD display, Wi-Fi 802.11b/g/n for connectivity
[88]
Netbooks Maker
Name
Release date
Version
Acer Inc. Aspire One D250
Q3 2009
1.5
Dual-boot Windows XP and Android
Acer Inc. Aspire One D255
2010
1.6
Dual-boot Windows 7 starter edition and Android
Acer Inc. Aspire One D260
2010
1.6
Dual-boot Windows 7 starter edition and Android
2.1
Dual-boot Windows 7 starter edition and Android
Acer Inc. Aspire One Happy series Nov 2010
Notes [89]
Augen
[90] [91] GenBook 108
Sept 2010
Toshiba
Toshiba AC100
Summer 2010 2.1, +2.2
2.1
Other devices Maker
Name
Release date
HardKernel Odroid-S [92]
Version
Notes
Q1 2010
2.1
Handheld console
Q3 2010
2.1
MP4 player
Philips
GoGear Connect
Samsung
Galaxy Player (Samsung Q1 2011 YP-GB1, Galaxy S Wifi 4.0)
2.2 with TouchWiz 3.0
Portable media player
Samsung
Galaxy Player 70 (Samsung YP-GB70, Galaxy S Wifi 5.0)
Q1 2011
2.2 with TouchWiz 3.0
5.0inch Portable media player
Creative
ZEN Touch 2
Q4 2010
2.1
Portable media player
Binatone
iHome Phone
Q4 2010
Cowon
D3 plenue
early 2011 (varied 2.1 with depending of cowon UI region)
Future Future Android smartphones
Cordless phone PMP initially shipping with Android 2.1, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth 3.7in (94mm) AMOLED 800×480 pixel capacitive touch screen. G-sensor available in 8, 16 and 32GB memory sizes, microSD card slot, able to [93] play 1080p video
Comparison of Android devices
Maker
Name
66
Release date
Version
Notes
Acer Inc
beTouch E400
2.1
SIM-free smartphone with a 600MHz CPU, 3.2inch resistive touch screen, and a [94] 3.1MP camera
Acer Inc
beTouch E110
1.5
[94] SIM-free smartphone with 2.8MP camera
Acer Inc
Liquid Metal
August 2010
2.2
800MHz SnapDragon CPU, 3.6inch WVGA capacitive touch screen, 5MP camera, Bluetooth 3.0
Dell
Aero
Q2 2010
1.5, expected to 3.5-inch multitouch screen with nHD resolution, 5MP camera, Wi-Fi, GPS, 624MHz change to 2.1 soon Marvell processor[95] [96] [97] after launch
Dell
Thunder
Q4 2010
2.1
[98] 4.1-inch WVGA OLED screen, and an 8MP camera.
Dell
Flash
Q1 2011
2.2
3.5-inch WVGA LCD screen, 5MP autofocus cam, 512 MB of RAM and ROM with microSD expansion up to 64GB, Wi-Fi, TV-out, a 800MHz Qualcomm MSM7230 [99] processor.
Lumigon T1
October 2010
2.2
3.5-inch TFT capacitive touchscreen, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, A-GPS, 720P HDMI out, accelerometer, 5MP autofocus cam with flash, Freescale 1GHz i.MX51 3D processor [100] [101] and 3.5mm jack for audio, FM receiver and FM transmitter.
Dell
Smoke
Q2 2011
2.2
2.8-inch QVGA touchscreen, 5MP autofocus cam, microSD expansion to 32GB, [102] Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and a 800MHz Qualcomm MSM7230 processor.
LG
Optimus 3D TBA
2.2
4.3" glasses-less 3D display, upgradable to Android 2.3, ARM Cortex-A9 1GHz processor (dual core), dual 5MP camera, capable of 720p & 3D recording
LG
Optimus Black
Q2, 2011
2.2
4" NOVA display, upgradable to Android 2.3, 9.2mm ultra slim design, TI OMAP 3630 1GHz processor
NEC
Medias N-04C
Q1 2011
2.2
4-inch touchscreen, a 1seg TV Tuner, Fandre Compatible, NFC contactless payments [103] using Sony's FeliCa standard, and a skinned version of Android 2.2.
INQ
Q4 [104] 2010
Motorola Droid Bionic
Summer 2011
Motorola Droid 3
Jul 14 2011 2.3
4" qHD display (540×960) with Gorilla Glass, TI OMAP4430 (dual core 1GHz Cortex A9 + PowerVR SGX540), 16 GB internal memory, expands by microSD 32GB, 5-row [106] qwetry keyboard. 8MP Camera & 1080p Video recording.
T-Mobile Pulse Mini
Released in 2.1 UK
Smartphone with 2.8-inch (71mm) QVGA resistive touch screen, 3.2MP camera, GPS, Wi-Fi, stereo Bluetooth, FM tuner, 3.5mm headphone jack, HSDPA and MicroSD card (2GB included). Sub £100 price point is arguably a feature. Announced [107] by T-Mobile on 16 February 2010.
ZTE
Q3 2010
Low-end smartphone with 2.8-inch 240×320 QVGA display, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, GPS, and support for UMTS and GMS radios. Retail price expected to be under 1000 [108] Yuan.
Smooth
3.2" HVGA, 3 MP Camera, 600MHz CPU, micro SD. INQ announced it is developing [105] phones on the Android platform with a release date in 2010. 2.2
1.6
Samsung Galaxy S II
April, 2011 2.3.3
Samsung Samsung Droid Charge
May 2011
2.2
qHD display (540×960) with Gorilla Glass, NVIDIA Tegra 2 (dual core 1GHz Cortex A9 + GeForce ULP), 16 GB internal memory, expands by microSD 32GB (total of 48GB) and fingerprint scanner.
4.3" Super AMOLED Plus, ARM Cortex-A9 1.2GHz dual core processor, 8MP camera, 1080p recording, World's Thinnest Dual-Core Smartphone
Comparison of Android devices
67
Future tablet computers Maker
Name
Release date
Version
Notes
Acer
Liquid 5
March 2011
3.0
[109] 5" screen tablet
Archos
Archos 80
September 2011
3.1
8" screen, dual-core OMAP 4 processor (1.5GHz ARM Cortex [110] A9)
Archos
Archos 101
September 2011
3.1
10.1" screen, dual-core OMAP 4 processor (1.5GHz ARM Cortex [110] A9)
Asus
Eee Pad EP101TC
March 2011
3.0
[111] [112] 10.1" screen tablet with Nvidia Tegra
Cisco
Cisco Cius
January 2011
2.2
HTC Corporation
HTC Flyer
Q2 2011
2.3.3
7" TFT display, HTC Sense, with stylus as well as touch input.
Lenovo
LePad (Skylght [114] Slate)
Summer [115] 2011
2.2
10.1" capacitive display with a resolution of 1280x800 with a Snapdragon 8650A processor, SRS speakers, and 1GB of [114] RAM
LG
Optimus Pad (T-Mobile G-Slate)
June, 2011
3.0
8.9" tablet with NVidia Tegra 2, Two 5MP Camera, 720p and 3D recording, HDMI port
Ministry of Human Resource Sakshat Development (India)
2011
Unknown
Samsung
Samsung Galaxy Tab 8.9
TBA
3.0
8.9" tablet (1280x800), Tegra 2 processor dual core
ViewSonic
ViewPad 7x
TBA
3.1
7" tablet, Tegra 2 processor dual core, WiFi, HSPA+, and an [116] HDMI port
Focused on business requirements including HD video [113] conferencing.
Future e-readers Maker
Name
LiSeng
VBook Astri MyID
1Cross Tech
MIDhybrid
android.os. Build.MODEL
Other future devices
Release date
Notes Version
2010 (production started Q2)
1.6
Dual-screen: 5″ E-ink screen and 4.8″ (800x600) LCD touchscreen with a 624MHz Marvell PXA310 processor, 128 MB of RAM, 2GB of flash [117] [118] storage, built-in Wi-Fi
1.6
E-reader with an E-Ink screen on the left and a LCD plus keypad on the [119] right, with 3G, Bluetooth, and a front-facing webcam.
Comparison of Android devices
Form factor
Maker
68
Name
Release date
Notes
Netbook
Skytone
Alpha-680
Netbook
Hivision
PWS700CA
No distributor yet
7inch 800×480 screen, Rockchip RK2808 600MHz ARM926 processor, 128 [122] SDRAM, Wi-Fi, Ethernet, audio input/output
Smartbook
Mobinnova
Beam
Q2 2010
[123] Tegra 2, 8.9-inch (230mm) screen
Television
NCPG
Late 2010
55inch HDTV with Android 1.5, powered by 833MHz Cortex A8 [124] processor
TV
Sony
Sony Internet TV
Q4 2010
[125] No details available yet
GPS Ski Goggles Display
Recon Instruments
MOD Live
Q4 2011
Smallest Android device in the world that fit inside Recon Ready Ski/Snowboard goggles with Micro LCD display, GPS for live resort map view, bluetooth capability for buddy tracking
533MHz ARM-11 processor, 128 MB RAM, 7-inch 800x480 LCDTV [120] [121] display
Unofficial and community ports Android has appeared on a number of third party devices ported by the members of that device's community rather than being an "official" OS delivered by the manufacturer of the device. Project
Supported devices
Notes
NITdroid
Nokia Tablets
Openmoko
GTA02 FreeRunner
ZaurusAndroid
Sharp Zaurus
Wing Linux
T-Mobile Wing
Supports other OMAP 850 devices such as HTC Herald and HTC Startrek
Android-x86 project
most ASUS Eee PC models and similar x86-32 netbooks
Have released Android builds 1.6, 2.1, 2.2
iDroid Project
Apple iPhone, iPod Touch
Based on Android 2.3.3, as of 2011 works for iPhone 2G/3G and iPod Touch 1G
Nook Devs
Nook, Nook Color
JetDroid
Samsung S8000
Porting Android to the Samsung Jet
XDAndroid
HTC Touch Pro, HTC Touch Pro2, HTC Touch Diamond, HTC Touch Diamond2
Have released Android builds 1.6, 2.1, 2.2
AxDroid (no link due to spam filter)
Dell Axim
Based on Android 2.2 Froyo (Frozen Yogurt)
XDA-Developers/htc-linux project
HTC HD2, HTC Touch Cruise (Polaris), HTC Kaiser, HTC Vogue an others
Android 2.1 (extinct), 2.2, 2.3, 3.0, also available are versions for HTC Sense, stock, CyanogenMod
[126] [127]
Comparison of Android devices
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[42] myPhone A210 PROXION (http:/ / webcache. googleusercontent. com/ search?q=cache:Jcq5OU1-Ho0J:www. myphone. pl/ Produkty/ Telefony/ Telefon/ tabid/ 69/ cn/ ViewPhone/ model/ myPhone%20A210%20PROXION/ pid/ 46/ Default. aspx+ A210+ myphone& cd=2& hl=en& ct=clnk& gl=pl& client=opera& source=www. google. pl) [43] iSKY (http:/ / www. isky. co. kr/ product/ feature. sky?telCode=SKT& dispNum=0101& seq=VUGirsR73ac~95_B1jaGmNo~) [44] iSKY (http:/ / www. isky. co. kr/ product/ feature. sky?dispNum=0102& seq=B49vb00h89U~PEyT1zHAib8~& fromUrl=index) [45] "팬택 '시리우스 알파'로 反 아이폰 대열 동참" (http:/ / www. mt. co. kr/ view/ mtview. php?type=1& no=2010060810174614978& outlink=1). . [46] "Qigi i6 Android based smartphone from China" (http:/ / www. phonesreview. co. uk/ 2008/ 12/ 01/ qigi-i6-android-based-smartphone-from-china/ ). Phones Review. 1 December 2008. . Retrieved 2009-09-03. [47] Jordan, Jon (19 February 2009). "Chinese ODMs love Android (part 2)" (http:/ / www. pocketpicks. co. uk/ latest/ index. php/ 2009/ 02/ 19/ chinese-odms-love-android-part-2/ ). Pocket Picks. . Retrieved 2009-09-03. [48] Allen, Danny (5 October 2009). "Samsung Behold II Hits T-Mobile, Pairs Android with TouchWiz" (http:/ / gizmodo. com/ 5374186/ samsung-behold-ii-hits-t+ mobile-pairs-android-with-touchwiz-interface). Gizmodo. . Retrieved 5 October 2009. [49] Pert, Jamie (17 November 2009). "T-Mobile's Samsung Behold 2: Now Available" (http:/ / www. product-reviews. net/ 2009/ 11/ 18/ t-mobiles-samsung-behold-2-now-available/ ). Product Reviews Net. . Retrieved 3 December 2009. [50] "Samsung's Galaxy Spica turns into Galaxy Portal for T-Mobile UK exclusive" (http:/ / mobile. engadget. com/ 2010/ 01/ 27/ samsungs-galaxy-spica-turns-into-galaxy-portal-for-t-mobile-uk/ ). . [51] "Samsung Galaxy Spica grows up to Android 2.1" (http:/ / www. engadget. com/ 2010/ 03/ 17/ samsung-galaxy-spica-grows-up-to-android-2-1/ ). . [52] "Samsung Unveils its First Android phone for Korean Market" (http:/ / www. telecomskorea. com/ smatphone-8803. html). . [53] "Samsung announces Galaxy S Android smartphone" (http:/ / www. engadget. com/ 2010/ 03/ 23/ samsung-announces-galaxy-s-android-smartphone/ ). engadget. . [54] "Samsung Galaxy S hands-on with video" (http:/ / www. engadget. com/ 2010/ 03/ 23/ samsung-galaxy-s-hands-on-with-video/ ). engadget. . [55] "Quick guide to the Samsung Galaxy S series" (http:/ / www. cnet. com/ 8301-19736_1-20011259-251. html). . As of 04/21/2011 All US Galaxy phones have been updated to Android 2.2.1 [56] Hands on the Nexus Two by Samsung (http:/ / gizmodo. com/ 5676008/ hands-on-the-nexus-two-by-samsung) [57] "Sony Ericsson Xperia X10 finally arrives in UK, T-Mobile will deliver it within 10 days" (http:/ / www. engadget. com/ 2010/ 03/ 22/ sony-ericsson-xperia-x10-finally-arrives-in-uk-t-mobile-will-de/ ). . [58] "Sony Ericsson XPERIA Rachael confirmed, UI shown on video" (http:/ / www. gsmarena. com/ sony_ericsson_xperia_rachael_confirmed_ui_shown_on_video-news-1011. php). GSMArena. 2009-07-08. . Retrieved 2009-10-19. [59] Sony Ericsson XPERIA X10 introduces an open and integrated world of social media, communication and entertainment (http:/ / www. sonyericsson. com/ cws/ corporate/ press/ pressreleases/ pressreleasedetails/ xperiax10pressreleasefinal-20091103) [60] "Sony Ericsson - Products - Mobile phones- Overview - Xperia X10" (http:/ / www. sonyericsson. com/ cws/ products/ mobilephones/ overview/ xperiax10). . Retrieved 3 November 2009. [61] Verbatim’s Vibo A688 Low-Cost Android Smartphone (http:/ / www. loopycellphones. com/ verbatims-vibo-a688-low-cost-android-smartphone/ ) [62] Orange outs budget Android 2.1 handset (http:/ / www. reghardware. com/ 2010/ 09/ 21/ orange_san_francisco/ ), The Register: hardware, 21 September 2010. [63] Acer Iconia Tab A500 Review – CNET 2011 (http:/ / reviews. cnet. com/ tablets/ acer-iconia-tab-a500/ 4505-3126_7-34644168. html?tag=rvwBody)
70
Comparison of Android devices [64] Dixons Retail Launches into the Tablet Market with new Advent Range – Dixons Retail plc 2010 (http:/ / www. dsgiplc. com/ layout. aspx?ID=f604aaf4-e4ed-4de4-b040-ce16a405c578& CatID=6505afe5-07d5-4b79-8aed-53555d69ae4a) [65] "Specs released for Advent Vega" (http:/ / www. engadget. com/ 2010/ 10/ 13/ specs-released-for-advent-vega-the-249-android-tegra-tablet). 13 Oct 2010. . Retrieved 28 Oct 2010. [66] Archos confirms Sept 15th Android event, readies AppsLib app store (http:/ / www. pocketables. net/ 2009/ 08/ archos-confirms-sept-15th-android-event-readies-appslib-app-store. html) [67] Stone, Brad; Vance, Ashlee (4 Oct 2009). "Just a Touch Away, the Elusive Tablet PC" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2009/ 10/ 05/ technology/ 05tablet. html?nl=technology& emc=techupdateema1). The New York Times. . Retrieved 6 Oct 2009. [68] "Archos 5 Internet tablet specification" (http:/ / www. archos. com/ products/ imt/ archos_5it/ specs. html?country=gb& lang=en). Archos. . Retrieved 14 Apr 2010. [69] "Archos 7 Home Tablet ships to Android lovers in Jun" (http:/ / www. engadget. com/ 2010/ 05/ 06/ archos-7-home-tablet-ships-to-android-lovers-in-Jun/ ). 6 May 2010. . [70] "Archos 7 and 8 Home Tablets are cheap, but you get what you pay for" (http:/ / www. engadget. com/ 2010/ 03/ 01/ archos-7-and-8-home-tablets-are-cheap-but-you-get-what-you-pay/ ). 1 Mar 2010. . [71] http:/ / www. archos. com/ products/ ht/ archos_7/ specs. html?country=us& lang=en [72] Archos unleashes five (five!) new Android Froyo tablets, we go hands-on - Engadget (http:/ / www. engadget. com/ 2010/ 08/ 31/ archos-unleashes-five-five-new-android-froyo-tablets-we-go-h/ ) [73] Archos 501590 101 Internet Tablet - 10.1 Screen, 1024 x 600, Built-in Speakers, 8GB, Android User Interface, Wi-Fi at TigerDirect.com (http:/ / www. tigerdirect. com/ applications/ SearchTools/ item-details. asp?EdpNo=6744609& CatId=5996) [74] Augen's $150 Android tablet hits Kmart circular, coming to stores later this week (http:/ / www. engadget. com/ 2010/ 07/ 26/ augens-150-android-tablet-hits-kmart-circular-coming-to-store/ 3), Engadget, Jul 26, 2010 [75] "Coby Kyros 7″ Internet Tablet Launched 1080p Playback and HDMI for $249.99in (6350mm) (http:/ / tablets-planet. com/ 2010/ 12/ 01/ coby-kyros-7-internet-tablet-launched-1080p-playback-and-hdmi-for-249-99/ ) [76] tech specs (http:/ / www. hardkernel. com/ products. php) [77] ODROID (http:/ / www. hardkernel. com) [78] "Notionink product information page" (http:/ / notionink. com/ techspecs. php). . [79] "SlateDroid's Introduction to the Pandigital Novel" (http:/ / www. slatedroid. com/ wiki/ index. php/ Introduction_to_the_Pandigital_Novel). . [80] http:/ / www. tegav2. com [81] Toshiba's Tegra 2-powered Android Smart Pad to be called Folio 100? - Engadget (http:/ / www. engadget. com/ 2010/ 08/ 28/ toshibas-tegra-2-powered-android-smart-pad-to-be-called-folio-1/ ) [82] "Entourage eDGe early preorders shipping now; everyone else can wait until March" (http:/ / www. slashgear. com/ entourage-edge-early-preorders-shipping-now-everyone-else-can-wait-until-march-2675697/ ). . Retrieved 2010-03-13. [83] "Hands On: enTourage eDGe eBook Reader Runs Android" (http:/ / www. gearlog. com/ 2009/ 11/ dual-screen_ebook_reader_runs. php) (in Spanish). Gearlog. 28 June 2009. . Retrieved 2009-09-04. [84] "Introducing the enTourage eDGe" (http:/ / www. entourageedge. com/ entourage-edge. html). entourage. . Retrieved 2009-09-09. [85] "New Entourage Pocket eDGe: Same Device Smaller Screens" (http:/ / www. crunchgear. com/ 2010/ 11/ 08/ new-entourage-pocket-edge-same-device-smaller-screens/ ). . Retrieved 2010-11-08. [86] "Spring Design's Alex e-reader gets February 22 release date, $399 price" (http:/ / www. engadget. com/ 2010/ 01/ 07/ spring-designs-alex-e-reader-gets-february-22-release-date-39/ ). engadget. 7 January 2010. . Retrieved 2010-02-08. [87] "Spring Design, Inc" (http:/ / www. springdesign. com/ ). Spring Design. . Retrieved 2010-02-08. [88] http:/ / www. pocketbook-usa. com/ products/ pocketbook-iq/ #specification PocketBook IQ 701 Specifications [89] Nusca, Andrew (2009-06-03). "It's official: Acer to offer Aspire One netbook with Google Android, Q3 2009" (http:/ / blogs. zdnet. com/ gadgetreviews/ ?p=4735/ ). ZDNet. . Retrieved 2009-09-04. [90] Augen's 10.2-inch GenBook 108 goes on sale at Kmart for $190 - Engadget (http:/ / www. engadget. com/ 2010/ 09/ 14/ augens-10-2-inch-genbook-108-goes-on-sale-at-kmart-for-190/ ) [91] Clothing, Toys, Electronics, Jewelry, Jaclyn Smith - Kmart.com (http:/ / www. kmart. com/ shc/ s/ p_10151_10104_020W026051760001P?keyword=genbook108& sLevel=0& prop17=genbook108) [92] Philips - IFA 2010 - GoGear (http:/ / www. ifa. philips. com/ products/ pp_gogear. html) [93] "Cowon D3 official web page" (http:/ / www. cowonglobal. com/ product_wide/ COWOND3/ product_page_1. php). 2011-3-6. . [94] "Two New SIM-Free Acer Handsets on Pre-Order in the UK" (http:/ / phandroid. com/ 2010/ 04/ 08/ two-new-sim-free-acer-handsets-on-pre-order-in-the-uk). Phandroid. April 8, 2010. . [95] "Dell Aero is 'the lightest' Android phone yet, poses for pictures" (http:/ / www. engadget. com/ 2010/ 03/ 23/ dell-aero-is-the-lightest-android-smartphone-poses-for-pictur/ ). engadget. . [96] "Dell Aero first hands-on!" (http:/ / www. engadget. com/ 2010/ 03/ 23/ dell-aero-first-hands-on/ ). engadget. March 23, 2010. . [97] "Dell Aero details confirmed with new leak: 624MHz processor, handwriting support, DRM" (http:/ / www. engadget. com/ 2010/ 04/ 21/ dell-aero-details-confirmed-with-new-leak-624mhz-processor-han/ ). engadget. April 21, 2010. . [98] "Dell Thunder explodes Android with 4.1-inch OLED screen, promises Hulu app" (http:/ / www. engadget. com/ 2010/ 04/ 21/ dell-thunder-explodes-android-with-4-1-inch-oled-screen-promise/ ). engadget. April 21, 2010. .
71
Comparison of Android devices [99] "Dell Flash to offer Android Froyo in a 'dramatic' package" (http:/ / www. engadget. com/ 2010/ 04/ 21/ dell-flash-to-offer-android-froyo-in-a-dramatic-package/ ). engadget. April 21, 2010. . [100] "Lumigon specifications" (http:/ / www. lumigon. com/ specs). Lumigon. . [101] "Lumigon specifications + release date" (http:/ / www. product-reviews. net/ 2010/ 08/ 14/ lumigon-t1-specs-android-2-2-froyo-and-quake-3-gameplay/ ). PR. . [102] "Dell Smoke slaps Android in the wild form factor you secretly wanted" (http:/ / www. engadget. com/ 2010/ 04/ 21/ dell-smoke-slaps-android-in-the-wild-form-factor-you-secretly-wa/ ). engadget. April 21, 2010. . [103] "NEC's MEDIAS N-04C is only 7.7mm thick, has Android 2.2, NFC, and no ambition to leave Japa" (http:/ / www. engadget. com/ 2011/ 02/ 21/ necs-medias-n-04c-is-only-7-7mm-thick-has-android-2-2-nfc-an/ ). engadget. February 21, 2011. . [104] "INQ Mobile Finally Has an ETA for Their First Android Device" (http:/ / phandroid. com/ 2010/ 06/ 11/ inq-mobile-finally-has-an-eta-for-their-first-android-device/ ). Phandroid. June 11, 2010. . [105] Metz, Cade (2009-09-10). "Android bandwagon picks up INQ" (http:/ / www. theregister. co. uk/ 2009/ 09/ 11/ inq_and_android/ ). The Register. . Retrieved 11-09-2009. [106] "DROID3 Launching July 7 Via Direct Fill, Hits All Stores July 14" (http:/ / www. droid-life. com/ 2011/ 07/ 01/ exclusive-droid3-launching-july-7-via-direct-fill-hits-all-stores-july-14/ ). . [107] "T-Mobile UK Expands Android Portfolio with Pulse Mini" (http:/ / www. opt-development. co. uk/ press-office/ release. php?id=337). . [108] "ZTE Smooth Android phone spotted at MWC2010" (http:/ / www. clonedinchina. com/ 2010/ 02/ zte-smooth-android-phone-spotted-at-mwc2010. html). 18 Feb 2010. . [109] Acer reportedly planning 5-inch Android 3.0 tablet, too - Engadget (http:/ / www. engadget. com/ 2010/ 09/ 14/ acer-reportedly-planning-5-inch-android-3-0-tablet-too/ ) [110] Archos intros 80 G9 and 101 G9 Android 3.1 tablets: 1.5GHz CPU, 250GB HDD, 3G-ready (hands-on) (http:/ / www. engadget. com/ 2011/ 06/ 23/ archos-intros-80-gb-and-101-g9-android-3-1-tablets-1-5ghz-cpu/ ) [111] ASUS Eee Pad EP101TC and EP121 preview - Engadget (http:/ / www. engadget. com/ 2010/ 05/ 31/ asus-eee-pad-ep101tc-and-ep121-hands-on/ ) [112] ASUS prices 10-inch Android Eee Pad under $399, 8-inch Eee Tablet at $300, other tablets too - Engadget (http:/ / www. engadget. com/ 2010/ 08/ 13/ asus-prices-10-inch-android-eee-pad-under-399-8-inch-eee-table/ ) [113] "Cisco Cius Products & Services" (http:/ / www. cisco. com/ en/ US/ products/ ps11156/ index. html). July 12, 2010. . [114] Lenovo Comparison of Android de FCC, no longer the LePad? (http:/ / www. engadget. com/ 2011/ 03/ 09/ lenovo-skylight-slate-hits-the-fcc-no-longer-the-lepad/ ) [115] Lenovo delays LePad Android tablet until summer 2011 (http:/ / venturebeat. com/ 2010/ 10/ 20/ lenovo-delays-lepad-android-tablet-until-summer-2011/ ) [116] ViewSonic 7x shrinks Honeycomb to 7 inches for the tiny handed (http:/ / www. engadget. com/ 2011/ 05/ 12/ viewsonic-7x-shrinks-honeycomb-to-7-inches-for-the-tiny-handed/ ) [117] "LiSeng Vbook cuts the Entourage Edge down to size" (http:/ / www. engadget. com/ 2010/ 04/ 21/ liseng-vbook-cuts-the-entourage-edge-down-to-size/ ). Engadget. April 21, 2010. . [118] "Astri MyID dual-display ebook reader gets video demo; $130-$150 price predicted" (http:/ / www. slashgear. com/ astri-myid-dual-display-ebook-reader-gets-video-demo-130-150-price-predicted-2475405). . [119] "1Cross Tech MIDhybrid is the Android-powered e-reader that looks like a book" (http:/ / www. engadget. com/ 2010/ 03/ 08/ 1cross-tech-midhybrid-is-the-android-powered-e-reader-that-looks/ ). . [120] Melanson, Donald (21 April 2009). "Skytone debuts ARM-based, Android-powered netbook/tablet" (http:/ / www. engadget. com/ 2009/ 04/ 21/ skytone-debuts-arm-based-android-powered-netbook-tablet/ ). Engadget. . Retrieved 2009-09-04. [121] Guangzhou Skytone Transmission Technologies Co.,Ltd (http:/ / www. skytone. net. cn/ en/ products. php?bigclass=4) [122] "Android Laptop Review: Hivision PWS700CA" (http:/ / armdevices. net/ 2010/ 01/ 29/ android-laptop-review-hivision-pws700ca/ ). . [123] "Mobinova Beam Moves to Android" (http:/ / www. i4u. com/ article32249. html). I4U News. March 24, 2010. . [124] "Android on the Big Screen: Headed to 55″ LED TV" (http:/ / phandroid. com/ 2010/ 04/ 14/ android-on-the-big-screen-headed-to-55-led-tv/ ). 14 April 2010. . [125] "Sony Introduces the world's first HDTV incorporating the Google TV platform" (http:/ / discover. sonystyle. com/ internettv/ ). 2010-06-22. . [126] android-on-freerunner - Project Hosting on Google Code (http:/ / code. google. com/ p/ android-on-freerunner/ ) [127] Android - Openmoko (http:/ / wiki. openmoko. org/ wiki/ Android)
72
CyanogenMod
73
CyanogenMod CyanogenMod
Company / developer
Cyanogen (Steve Kondik) / CyanogenMod team
Programmed in
C (core), C++ (some third party libraries), Java (UI)
Source model
Free and open source software
Initial release
3.1 (Dream & Magic)
Latest stable release
7.0.3 (various) / May 5, 2011
Latest unstable release 7.1.0 RC1 / June 26, 2011 Marketing target
Firmware replacement for Android Mobile Devices
Supported platforms
ARM
Kernel type
Monolithic (modified Linux kernel)
Default user interface
ADW.Launcher
License
[1] Apache 2 and GPL v2
Official website
www.cyanogenmod.com
[2]
CyanogenMod is an aftermarket firmware for over forty cell phones and tablets based on the open-source Android operating system. It offers features not found in the official Android-based firmwares of vendors of these devices, including native theming support (also known as the "T-Mobile Theme Engine"), a codec for the Free Lossless Audio Codec (FLAC), compressed cache (compcache [3]), a large APN list, an OpenVPN client, a reboot menu, support for Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and USB tethering, toggles in the notification pull-down (such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, GPS, and many more), as well as other enhancements. CyanogenMod was also the first mobile OS to incorporate BFS as the task scheduler, a change that has been merged into experimental branches in the official Android source tree.[4] CyanogenMod claims to increase performance and reliability over official firmware releases.
CyanogenMod
Development Shortly after the introduction of the HTC Dream mobile phone in September 2008, a method, dubbed "rooting" by the Android community, was discovered by which one could attain privileged control (known as "root access") within Android's Linux subsystem.[5] This discovery, combined with the open source nature of the Android operating system, allowed the phone's stock firmware to be modified and re-installed onto the phone at will. These modifications are unnecessary for certain handsets, such as the Android Dev Phone, the Nexus One, and the Nexus S, which are intended to aid development and do not obstruct user modification.[6] [7] The CyanogenMod firmware is currently based on Android 2.3 (Gingerbread), with a significant amount of custom code being included by the CyanogenMod Team. The custom portions of CyanogenMod are primarily written by Cyanogen (Steve Kondik) but include contributions from the xda-developers community (such as an enhanced launcher tray, improved dialer, improved browser) as well as other sources (such as busybox in the shell).[8] The CyanogenMod repository also contains the code to the ClockworkMod Recovery (a "recovery image" written and maintained by Koushik Dutta), which is used to install CyanogenMod and other custom ROMs. The recovery image is a special boot mode which is used to back up or restore the device's memory, and repair or upgrade firmware. CyanogenMod Updater allowed CyanogenMod users to receive notifications when new updates were available, download them to their phone, and install them. It was once available on the Android Market, but is no longer. It was created by Garok89 (Ross McAusland) and Firefart (Christian Mehlmauer) of xda-developers and is based on the JF-Updater by Sergi Velez. The application ROM Manager has since taken over this duty. The application, developed by Koush (Koushik Dutta) is available on the Android Market and comes pre-packed with the ROM. The update functionality is now linked between the ROM and ROM Manager in CyanogenMod 7. CyanogenMod has since been used on an HTC G1 Android phone coupled with an Arduino board to create the autonomous "brain" of a robot.[9]
CyanogenMod 6 Cyanogen has released a series of 6.x versions of CyanogenMod for the Nexus One, which he has code-named "Makin' Bacon".[10] This new firmware works with a custom recovery image for the Nexus One developed by user Amon_Ra based on Cyanogen's version.[11] Among the features for the Nexus One version are a newer kernel, highmem support for increased memory, tethering including USB tether, apps on SD Card, OpenVPN integration, a clean shutdown/startup system, busybox, FLAC support, phone and contacts enhancements, tweaks to the interface and graphics, new live wallpapers, 360° auto-orientation, full color trackball notifications, and more.[12] Steve Kondik has released CyanogenMod 6, based on Android 2.2 codenamed "Froyo", for the Nexus One, Dream, Magic, Droid, Aria, Legend, Desire, Evo, Hero, Wildfire, Incredible and Slide.[13] A release candidate of [14] and the stable version was released on 28 August 2010.[15] CyanogenMod 6 became available on 11 July 2010
CyanogenMod 7 Development of CyanogenMod 7 started with the release of the source of Android 2.3 (Gingerbread).[16] On 15 February 2011, the first release candidates began rolling out on several of the supported devices.[17] [18] The fourth release candidate was rolled out on 30 March 2011 and brought increased support for the Nook Color and similar devices as well many bug fixes.[19] On 11 April 2011, the public version of CyanogenMod 7.0 was released, based on Android 2.3.3.[20]
74
CyanogenMod
75
Usage CyanogenMod now also anonymously tracks unique installations based on a module and is tracking over 1000 installs per day since inception on the nightly builds.[21]
Licensing controversy Until version 4.1.11.1, CyanogenMod included several closed-source applications by Google, such as Gmail, Maps, Market, Talk, and YouTube, as well as several proprietary hardware drivers. These packages were included with the vendor distributions of Android, but not licensed for free distribution. After Google sent a cease and desist letter to CyanogenMod's chief developer, Steve Kondik, in late September 2009 demanding he stop distributing the aforementioned applications, development ceased for a few days.[22] [23] [24] [25] The reaction from many CyanogenMod users towards Google was hostile, with some claiming that Google's legal threats hurt their own interests, violated their informal corporate motto "don't be evil" and as a challenge to the open source community Google claimed to embrace.[26] [27] [28] This action generated substantial press coverage in various major media outlets including PC World,[29] The Register,[30] The Inquirer,[31] Ars Technica,[32] The H,[33] ZDNet,[34] GigaOM,[35] and eWeek.[25] [36] Following a statement from Google clarifying its position[37] and a subsequent negotiation between Google and Cyanogen, it was resolved that it could be possible to continue the CyanogenMod project, albeit in a form that did not bundle in the proprietary “Google Experience” components.[38] [39] It was also determined that the proprietary Google apps may be backed-up from the Google-supplied firmware on the phone and then re-installed onto CyanogenMod releases without infringing copyright. However, due to the controversy, some Android developers have decided to create open-source apps to replace the Google-owned ones.[40] Cyanogen has also warned that while issues no longer remain with Google, there are still potential licensing problems regarding proprietary, closed-source device drivers.[41] However, he is rebuilding the source tree, and believes the licensing issues with drivers can be worked out. He is also receiving assistance from Google employees.[42]
Version history Version
3.1
Android version
Android 1.5 (Cupcake)
Release date 2009
3.2
2009
3.3.x
2009
3.4.x
2009
3.5.x
2009
3.6.x
2009
3.9.x
2009
4.0.x
Android 1.6 (Donut)
2009
4.1.x
2009
4.2.x
2009
CyanogenMod
76 5.0.0
Android 2.0 / 2.1 (Eclair)
[43]
2010-02-14
5.0.1
2010
5.0.2
2010
5.0.3.x
2010
5.0.4.x
2010-02-27
5.0.5.x
2010-03-19
5.0.6
2010-04-16
5.0.7
2010-05-25
5.0.8
2010-07-19
6.0.x 6.1.x 7.0.0
Android 2.2 (Froyo)
[44] [45] [46] [47] [48] [15]
2010-08-28 2010-12-06
[49]
Android 2.3 (Gingerbread) 2011-04-10[20]
7.0.1
2011-04-25
7.0.2
2011-04-25
7.0.3
2011-05-05
[50] [51] [52]
References [1] "Licenses" (http:/ / source. android. com/ source/ licenses. html). Android Open Source Project. Open Handset Alliance. . Retrieved 15 Sept 2010. [2] http:/ / www. cyanogenmod. com/ [3] http:/ / code. google. com/ p/ compcache/ [4] BFS added to Android repository (http:/ / android. git. kernel. org/ ?p=kernel/ experimental. git;a=shortlog;h=refs/ heads/ android-2. 6. 29-bfs). [5] Ben Marvin (14 May 2009). "How To: Root Your G1 And Install Android 1.5 Cupcake" (http:/ / theandroidsite. com/ 2009/ 05/ 14/ how-to-root-your-g1-and-install-android-15-cupcake). The Android Site. . Retrieved 28 Oct 2010. [6] "Developing on a Device" (http:/ / developer. android. com/ guide/ developing/ device. html). Android Developers. 12 October 2010. . Retrieved 28 Oct 2010. [7] Tim Bray (20 December 2010). "It’s not “rooting”, it’s openness" (http:/ / android-developers. blogspot. com/ 2010/ 12/ its-not-rooting-its-openness. html). Android Developers. . Retrieved 17 Jan 2011. [8] CyanogenMod development thread (http:/ / forum. xda-developers. com/ showthread. php?t=567610). [9] Miran Pavic (5 March 2010). "Android Phone Grows Up, Becomes Brain for Real Robot" (http:/ / www. wired. com/ gadgetlab/ 2010/ 03/ android-robot/ ). Wired. . Retrieved 28 Oct 2010. [10] Cyanogen (7 January 2010). "[N1 Addon] Nexus One Addon 0.1 - Makin' Bacon [01/08/2010]" (http:/ / forum. xda-developers. com/ showpost. php?p=5305378& postcount=1). xda-developers. . Retrieved 23 Dec 2010. [11] Amon_RA (5 January 2010). "[Recovery] [14-Nov-2010] RA-nexus-v2.0.0" (http:/ / forum. xda-developers. com/ showpost. php?p=5283488& postcount=1). xda-developers. . Retrieved 23 Dec 2010. [12] CyanogenMod team (7 July 2010). "CHANGELOG at eclair from CyanogenMod's android_vendor_cyanogen" (http:/ / github. com/ CyanogenMod/ android_vendor_cyanogen/ blob/ eclair/ CHANGELOG). Github. . Retrieved 28 Oct 2010. [13] Cyanogen (23 June 2010). "CM6 targets" (http:/ / twitter. com/ #!/ cyanogen/ status/ 16867767987). Twitter. . Retrieved 23 Dec 2010. [14] Cyanogen (11 July 2010). "CyanogenMod-6.0.0 RC1" (http:/ / www. cyanogenmod. com/ home/ cyanogenmod-6-0-0-rc1). CyanogenMod blog. . Retrieved 23 Dec 2010. [15] Whitson Gordon (29 August 2010). "CyanogenMod 6.0 Released, Brings Custom Froyo Goodness to Tons of Android Phones" (http:/ / lifehacker. com/ 5624778/ cyanogenmod-60-released-brings-custom-froyo-goodness-to-tons-of-android-phones). Lifehacker. Gawker Media. . Retrieved 23 Dec 2010. [16] Cyanogen (17 December 2010). "Gingerbread Release" (http:/ / twitter. com/ #!/ cyanogen/ status/ 15881087129493504). Twitter. . Retrieved 23 Dec 2010.
CyanogenMod [17] Cyanogen (16 February 2011). "CyanogenMod-7 Release Candidates!" (http:/ / www. cyanogenmod. com/ home/ cyanogenmod-7-release-candidates). CyanogenMod blog. . Retrieved 16 Feb 2011. [18] Whitson Gordon (16 February 2011). "CyanogenMod 7 RC Brings Gingerbready Goodness, Canned SMS Responses to Android" (http:/ / lifehacker. com/ #!5762028/ cyanogenmod-7-rc-brings-gingerbready-goodness-canned-sms-responses-to-android). Lifehacker. Gawker Media. . Retrieved 16 Feb 2011. [19] Cyanogen (30 March 2011). "CyanogenMod-7.0.0-RC4 has arrived" (http:/ / www. cyanogenmod. com/ blog/ cyanogenmod-7-0-0-rc4-has-arrived). CyanogenMod blog. . Retrieved 30 Mar 2011. [20] Cyanogen (10 April 2011). "CyanogenMod 7.0 Released!" (http:/ / www. cyanogenmod. com/ blog/ cyanogenmod-7-0-released). CyanogenMod blog. . Retrieved 10 Apr 2011. [21] "CM Installation Statistics" (http:/ / stats. cyanogenmod. com). . Retrieved 4 June 2011. [22] Taylor Wimberly (24 September 2009). "CyanogenMod in trouble?" (http:/ / androidandme. com/ 2009/ 09/ hacks/ cyanogenmod-in-trouble/ ). Android and Me. . Retrieved 28 Oct 2010. [23] Dan Nosowitz (25 September 2009). "Google Threatens Cyanogen Android Hacker With Cease-and-Desist" (http:/ / gizmodo. com/ 5367420/ google-threatens-cyanogen-android-hacker-with-cease+ and+ desist). Gizmodo. Gawker Media. . Retrieved 28 Oct 2010. [24] Nilay Patel (24 September 2009). "Google hits Android ROM modder with a cease-and-desist letter" (http:/ / www. engadget. com/ 2009/ 09/ 24/ google-hits-android-rom-modder-with-a-cease-and-desist-letter/ ). Engadget. AOL. . Retrieved 28 Oct 2010. [25] Darryl K. Taft (28 September 2009). "Google Irks Android Developers with Cyanogen Move" (http:/ / www. eweek. com/ c/ a/ Linux-and-Open-Source/ Google-Irks-Android-Developers-with-Cyanogen-Move-837741/ ). eWeek. Ziff Davis. . Retrieved 28 Oct 2010. [26] One of many forum discussions on the Google C&D (http:/ / forum. xda-developers. com/ showthread. php?t=564623). [27] Reaction to C&D on Google's own discussion forum (http:/ / groups. google. com/ group/ android-discuss/ browse_thread/ thread/ b0537bc784852862). [28] Another thread on Google's Android forum (http:/ / groups. google. com/ group/ android-discuss/ browse_thread/ thread/ 49fa89c14d965f11). [29] Jeremy Kirk (29 September 2009). "Android Modder Attempts to Outmaneuver Google" (http:/ / www. pcworld. com/ businesscenter/ article/ 172783/ android_modder_attempts_to_outmaneuver_google. html). PC World. . Retrieved 19 Oct 2010. [30] Dan Goodin (28 September 2009). "Open sourcers strike back at Google cease-and-desist" (http:/ / www. theregister. co. uk/ 2009/ 09/ 28/ google_android_developers_reaction/ ). The Register. . Retrieved 19 Oct 2010. [31] Nick Farrell (28 September 2009). "Google wallops Android developer" (http:/ / www. theinquirer. net/ inquirer/ news/ 1556528/ google-wallops-android-developer). The Inquirer. . Retrieved 19 Oct 2010. [32] Ryan Paul (29 September 2009). "Irate Android devs aim to replace Google's proprietary bits" (http:/ / arstechnica. com/ open-source/ news/ 2009/ 09/ android-community-aims-to-replace-googles-proprietary-bits. ars). Ars Technica. . Retrieved 19 Oct 2010. [33] crve (29 September 2009). "Open Android Alliance formed" (http:/ / www. h-online. com/ open/ Open-Android-Alliance-formed--/ news/ 114347). The H. . Retrieved 19 Oct 2010. [34] Dana Blankenhorn (29 September 2009). "The Android-Cyanogen kerfluffle" (http:/ / blogs. zdnet. com/ open-source/ ?p=4911). ZDNet. . Retrieved 19 Oct 2010. [35] Colin Gibbs (25 September 2009). "Does Google Hate Android Hackers?" (http:/ / gigaom. com/ 2009/ 09/ 25/ google-files-cd-over-android-app/ ). GigaOM. . Retrieved 19 Oct 2010. [36] Cian (28 September 2009). "The Android vs. Cyanogen story – has Google shot itself in the foot by shooting down developer?" (http:/ / www. gomonews. com/ the-android-vs-cyanogen-story-has-google-shot-itself-in-the-foot-by-shooting-down-developer/ ). GoMo News. . Retrieved 19 Oct 2010. [37] Dan Morrill (25 September 2009). "A Note on Google Apps for Android" (http:/ / android-developers. blogspot. com/ 2009/ 09/ note-on-google-apps-for-android. html). Android Developers. . Retrieved 28 Oct 2010. [38] Cyanogen updates users on licensing controversy (http:/ / www. cyanogenmod. com/ home/ the-current-state). [39] Roselyn Roark (28 September 2009). "Google Muscles Android Developer, Offers Olive Branch" (http:/ / www. wired. com/ gadgetlab/ 2009/ 09/ google-cracks-down-on-android-developer/ ). Wired. . Retrieved 28 Oct 2010. [40] Ryan Paul (29 September 2009). "Irate Android devs aim to replace Google's proprietary bits" (http:/ / arstechnica. com/ open-source/ news/ 2009/ 09/ android-community-aims-to-replace-googles-proprietary-bits. ars). Ars Technica. Condé Nast Publications. . Retrieved 28 Oct 2010. [41] Cyanogen's tweet about the driver issue (http:/ / twitter. com/ cyanogen/ status/ 4456723780). [42] Quick Update from Cyanogen (http:/ / www. cyanogenmod. com/ home/ just-a-quick-update). [43] Cyanogen (14 February 2010). "CyanogenMod 5.0 (Nexus One)" (http:/ / www. cyanogenmod. com/ home/ cyanogenmod-5-0-nexus-one). CyanogenMod blog. . Retrieved 23 Dec 2010. [44] Cyanogen (27 February 2010). "CyanogenMOD 5.0.4 Released" (http:/ / forum. xda-developers. com/ showpost. php?p=5743237& postcount=3964). xda-developers. . Retrieved 23 Dec 2010. [45] Chase Bahers (19 March 2010). "CyanogenMOD v5.0.5 for HTC/Google Nexus One Released" (http:/ / androidspin. com/ 2010/ 03/ 19/ cyanogenmod-v5-0-5-for-htcgoogle-nexus-one-released/ ). AndroidSPIN. MobileTweek, Inc. . Retrieved 23 Dec 2010. [46] Cyanogen (16 April 2010). "CyanogenMod 5.0.6 – Tax Deductible" (http:/ / www. cyanogenmod. com/ home/ cyanogenmod-5-0-6-tax-deductible). CyanogenMod blog. . Retrieved 23 Dec 2010. [47] Cyanogen (25 May 2010). "CyanogenMod 5.0.7 for Dream and Magic!" (http:/ / www. cyanogenmod. com/ home/ cyanogenmod-5-0-7-for-dream-and-magic). CyanogenMod blog. . Retrieved 23 Dec 2010.
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[48] Cyanogen (19 July 2010). "CyanogenMod-5.0.8 has landed!" (http:/ / www. cyanogenmod. com/ home/ cyanogenmod-5-0-8-has-landed). CyangenMod blog. . Retrieved 23 Dec 2010. [49] Cyanogen (6 December 2010). "CyanogenMod-6.1 Stable Has Landed!" (http:/ / www. cyanogenmod. com/ home/ cyanogenmod-6-1-stable-has-landed). CyanogenMod blog. . Retrieved 23 Dec 2010. [50] Cyanogen (25 April 2011). "CyanogenMod-7.0.1 Update Release" (http:/ / www. cyanogenmod. com/ blog/ cyanogenmod-7-0-1-update-release). CyanogenMod blog. . Retrieved 25 April 2011. [51] >Cyanogen (25 April 2011). "CyanogenMod-7.0.2 Released (oops)" (http:/ / www. cyanogenmod. com/ blog/ cyanogenmod-7-0-2-released-oops). CyanogenMod blog. . Retrieved 25 April 2011. [52] >Cyanogen (5 May 2011). "CyanogenMod 7.0.3 Released" (http:/ / www. cyanogenmod. com/ blog/ cyanogenmod-7-0-3-released). CyanogenMod blog. . Retrieved 5 May 2011.
External links • • • • •
Official website (http://http://www.cyanogenmod.com) CyanogenMod (http://www.facebook.com/CyanogenMod) on Facebook CyanogenMod (http://www.youtube.com/user/cyanogenmod) channel on YouTube CyanogenMod (http://twitter.com/cyanogenmod) on Twitter Steve Kondik (http://twitter.com/cyanogen) on Twitter
Dalvik (software) Dalvik Original author(s) Dan Bornstein Operating system
Linux kernel
Platform
Android
Type
Virtual machine
License
Apache License 2.0
Website
[1]
Dalvik Executable Filename extension .dex
Dalvik is the process virtual machine (VM) in Google's Android operating system. Dalvik is thus an integral part of Android, which is typically used on mobile devices such as mobile phones, tablet computers and netbooks. Before execution, Android applications are converted into the compact Dalvik Executable (.dex) format, which is designed to be suitable for systems that are constrained in terms of memory and processor speed. Dalvik, like the rest of Android up to 2.3 version[2] , is open-source software. It was originally written by Dan Bornstein, who named it after the fishing village of Dalvík in Eyjafjörður, Iceland, where some of his ancestors lived.[3] [4]
Dalvik (software)
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Architecture Unlike Java VMs, which are stack machines, the Dalvik VM is a register-based architecture. The relative merits of stack machines versus register-based approaches is a subject of ongoing debate.[5] Generally, stack-based machines must use instructions to load data on the stack and manipulate that data, and, thus, require more instructions than register machines to implement the same high level code, but the instructions in a register machine must encode the source and destination registers and, therefore, tend to be larger. This difference is primarily of importance to VM interpreters for which opcode dispatch tends to be expensive along with other factors similarly relevant to just-in-time compilation.
Architecture Diagram
A tool called dx is used to convert some (but not all) Java .class files into the .dex format. Multiple classes are included in a single .dex file. Duplicate strings and other constants used in multiple class files are included only once in the .dex output to conserve space. Java bytecode is also converted into an alternate instruction set used by the Dalvik VM. An uncompressed .dex file is typically a few percent smaller in [6] size than a compressed .jar (Java Archive) derived from the same .class files. The Dalvik executables may be modified again when installed onto a mobile device. In order to gain further optimizations, byte order may be swapped in certain data, simple data structures and function libraries may be linked inline, and empty class objects may be short-circuited, for example. As of Android 2.2, Dalvik has a just-in-time compiler.[7] Being optimized for low memory requirements, Dalvik has some specific characteristics that differentiate it from other standard VMs:[8] • The VM was slimmed down to use less space • The constant pool has been modified to use only 32-bit indexes to simplify the interpreter • Standard Java bytecode executes 8-bit stack instructions. Local variables must be copied to or from the operand stack by separate instructions. Dalvik instead uses its own 16-bit instruction set that works directly on local variables. The local variable is commonly picked by a 4-bit 'virtual register' field. This lowers Dalvik's instruction count and raises its interpreter speed. Moreover, Dalvik has been designed so that a device can run multiple instances of the VM efficiently.[9]
Class library Dalvik does not align to Java SE nor Java ME class library profiles[10] [11] (e.g., Java ME classes, AWT or Swing are not supported). Instead it uses its own library[12] built on a subset of the Apache Harmony Java implementation.
Licensing Dalvik is said to be a clean-room implementation rather than a development on top of a standard Java runtime, which would mean it does not inherit copyright-based license restrictions from either the standard-edition or open-source-edition Java runtimes.[13] Dalvik is published under the terms of the Apache License 2.0.[14]
Dalvik (software)
Lawsuit On 12 August 2010, Oracle, who acquired Sun Microsystems in April 2009 and therefore owns the rights to Java, sued Google over claimed infringement of copyrights and patents. In developing Android, it is alleged that Google knowingly, directly and repeatedly infringed Oracle's Java-related intellectual property.[15] [16] Specifically the patent infringement claim references seven patents including US Patent No. 5966702 [17] "Method And Apparatus For Preprocessing And Packaging Class Files", and US Patent No. 6910205 [18] "Interpreting Functions Utilizing A Hybrid Of Virtual And Native Machine Instructions".[19] It also references US Patent No. RE38104 [20] "Method And Apparatus For Resolving Data References In Generated Code".
Alien Dalvik In 2011, the software company Myriad Group announced "Alien Dalvik", a port of the Dalvik virtual machine to platforms other than Android.[21] [22]
References [1] http:/ / code. google. com/ p/ dalvik/ [2] "Google Android 3.0 "Honeycomb": Open source no more" (http:/ / www. zdnet. com/ blog/ google/ google-android-30-honeycomb-open-source-no-more/ 2845). ZDNet. 2011-03-24. . Retrieved 2011-07-10. [3] Journal entry (http:/ / uke. livejournal. com/ 25660. html) referencing the source of the name [4] "Google Calling: Inside Android, the gPhone SDK" (http:/ / www. onlamp. com/ pub/ a/ onlamp/ 2007/ 11/ 12/ google-calling-inside-the-gphone-sdk. html). onlamp.com. . Retrieved 2008-02-05. [5] Shi, Yunhe; Gregg, David; Beatty, Andrew; Ertl, M. Anton (2005-06-11). "Virtual Machine Showdown: Stack Versus Registers" (http:/ / www. usenix. org/ events/ vee05/ full_papers/ p153-yunhe. pdf). . Retrieved 2009-12-22. [6] Bornstein, Dan (2008-05-29). "Presentation of Dalvik VM Internals" (http:/ / sites. google. com/ site/ io/ dalvik-vm-internals/ 2008-05-29-Presentation-Of-Dalvik-VM-Internals. pdf?attredirects=0) (PDF). Google. p. 22. . Retrieved 2010-08-16. [7] "Nexus One Is Running Android 2.2 Froyo. How Fast Is It Compared To 2.1? Oh, Only About 450% Faster" (http:/ / www. androidpolice. com/ 2010/ 05/ 11/ exclusive-androidpolice-coms-nexus-one-is-running-android-2-2-froyo-how-fast-is-it-compared-to-2-1-oh-only-about-450-faster/ ). 2010-05-13. . Retrieved 2010-05-21. [8] Rose, John (2008-05-31). "with Android and Dalvik at Google I/O" (http:/ / blogs. sun. com/ jrose/ entry/ with_android_and_dalvik_at). . Retrieved 2008-06-08. [9] Google (2009-04-13). "What is Android?" (http:/ / developer. android. com/ guide/ basics/ what-is-android. html). . Retrieved 2009-04-19. [10] "Google's Android SDK Bypasses Java ME in Favor of Java Lite and Apache Harmony" (http:/ / www. infoq. com/ news/ 2007/ 11/ android-java). infoq.com. 2007-11-12. . Retrieved 2009-05-31. "Instead of providing a full version of the Java SE or Java ME Google has diverged on two fronts. First, a limited subset of the core Java packages is provided. (...) By going this route Android is following in the footsteps of another Google project GWT which uses Java as its development language but does not support the full JDK." [11] "Alternative to Point2D" (http:/ / droidtutorials. blogspot. com/ 2010/ 02/ alternative-to-point2d. html). Droid Tutorials. 2010-02-12. . Retrieved 2010-02-17. "Given that AWT is not supported in Android API, the Point2D class, which is useful for writing 2D graphics, is missing either." [12] "Package Index" (http:/ / developer. android. com/ reference/ packages. html). Open Handset Alliance. . Retrieved 2009-05-31. [13] Stefano Mazzocchi (2007-11-12). "Dalvik: how Google routed around Sun’s IP-based licensing restrictions on Java ME" (http:/ / www. betaversion. org/ ~stefano/ linotype/ news/ 110/ ). . Retrieved 2010-08-16. [14] http:/ / android. git. kernel. org/ ?p=platform/ dalvik. git;a=blob_plain;f=NOTICE;hb=HEAD [15] James Niccolai (2010-08-12). "Oracle sues Google over Java use in Android" (http:/ / www. computerworld. com/ s/ article/ 9180678/ Update_Oracle_sues_Google_over_Java_use_in_Android?taxonomyId=13). Computerworld. . Retrieved 2010-08-13. [16] Mark Hachman (2010-08-13). "Oracle Sues Google Over Android Java Use" (http:/ / www. pcmag. com/ article2/ 0,2817,2367761,00. asp). PC Magazine. Ziff Davis. . [17] http:/ / patft1. uspto. gov/ netacgi/ nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2& Sect2=HITOFF& p=1& u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool. html& r=1& f=G& l=50& co1=AND& d=PTXT& s1=5966702. PN. & OS=PN/ 5966702& RS=PN/ 5966702 [18] http:/ / patft1. uspto. gov/ netacgi/ nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2& Sect2=HITOFF& p=1& u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool. html& r=1& f=G& l=50& co1=AND& d=PTXT& s1=6910205. PN. & OS=PN/ 6910205& RS=PN/ 6910205 [19] "Oracle's complaint against Google for Java patent infringement" (http:/ / www. scribd. com/ doc/ 35811761/ Oracle-s-complaint-against-Google-for-Java-patent-infringement). scribd.com. . Retrieved 2010-08-13. [20] http:/ / patft1. uspto. gov/ netacgi/ nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2& Sect2=HITOFF& p=1& u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool. html& r=1& f=G& l=50& co1=AND& d=PTXT& s1=RE38104. PN. & OS=PN/ RE38104& RS=PN/ RE38104
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Dalvik (software) [21] http:/ / www. myriadgroup. com/ Device-Manufacturers/ Android-solutions/ Alien-Dalvik. aspx [22] http:/ / www. allaboutmeego. com/ news/ item/ 12571_Alien_Dalvik_hopes_to_bring_An. php
External links • http://code.google.com/p/dalvik/ • Pamela Jones (August 16 2010). "Oracle America's complaint against Google, as text" (http://www.groklaw. net/article.php?story=20100815110101756). Groklaw. • Detailed Dalvik specifications documents (http://www.netmite.com/android/mydroid/dalvik/docs/) • Dex File Format (http://www.retrodev.com/android/dexformat.html) • Dalvik VM OpCodes (http://developer.android.com/reference/dalvik/bytecode/Opcodes.html) • Dalvik VM Internals (http://sites.google.com/site/io/dalvik-vm-internals) - Presentation from Google I/O 2008, by Dan Bornstein • Android-dalvik-vm-on-java (http://code.google.com/p/android-dalvik-vm-on-java/) is an ongoing project aims to develop a pure Java implementation of the Android's Dalvik virtual machine.
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